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Johann Peter Frank i Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland jako pionierzy profilaktyki medycznej z XVIII i XIX wieku

Płonka-Syroka B.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2018

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R. 63, nr 4

47--70

EN

Vienna University professor J.P. Frank and Berlin University professor Ch.W. Hufeland were pioneers of medical prophylaxis in Europe. Concepts created by them were based on the same ideological grounds (populationism, cameralism) and were in the mainstream of European clinical medicine modernization process. Both authors used the same pathology concept (humoral pathology) explaining diseases origination and their course in organisms. Most of their recommendations in line with prophylaxis were similar. However, there were also differences. J.P. Frank created his public medicine model of prophylaxis as an important factor in Austria where most of its citizens were illiterate at the end of 18th century. He focused on state activities to ensure the efficiency and he recommended police surveillance over it. Ch.W. Hufeland created his prophylaxis concept for the Prussian state where the illiterates were in the minority. He could realistically consider implementation of lifestyle rationalization and personal self-control compliant to clinical medicine in the whole population, not only among the elites. The purpose of the paper is to show the basis of both prophylaxis programmes and context of their creation.

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Recepcja homeopatii w polskiej myśli medycznej XIX stulecia

Płonka-Syroka B.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2001

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R. 46, nr 1

7--28

PL

Problem dziewiętnastowiecznej recepcji doktryny S.F. Hahnemanna w polskiej myśli medycznej XIX wieku i uwarunkowań tego procesu nie był dotąd w polskiej historiografii medycyny szerzej podejmowany. Opublikowałam wcześniej na ten temat kilka opracowań, a także poświęciłam mu nieco uwagi w obszernym studium dotyczącym recepcji elementów niemieckiej myśli medycznej w polskiej społeczności lekarskiej. Chciałabym w niniejszym studium przedstawić przebieg i uwarunkowania recepcji homeopatii w świadomości polskiego środowiska lekarskiego.

EN

The problem of the spread of homeopathy in the Polish medical milieu of the 19th century, as well as an analysis of the circumstances in which the process took place, has not yet received extensive treatment in Polish historiography of medicine. Apart from the earlier publications by B. Płonka-Syroka (1990, 1997, 1998) it has not been investigated by Polish historians of science either. The current study tries to fill that gap, by concentrating on the two major aspects relating to the background for the reception of S.F. Hahnemann's doctrine in Poland. The study presents the structure of homeopathy as a medical doctrine, that is both its theoretical foundation and the methods of treatment that Hahnemann considered rational and effective. It also discusses the social circumstances that favoured the spread of homeopathy among patients, and which contributed to its main tenets being accepted by some physicians. The study describes the critical attitudes towards Hahnemanns's theory and praxis held by representatives of Polish clinical medicine in the first half of the 19th century (such as J.M. Brodowicz, L. Bierkowski, J. Ditel, F. Hechel, J. Frank, F. Rymkiewicz, A.F. Adamowicz, A.F. Wolff, J.B. Freyer and others) and looks for the sources of such attitudes. The study also presents the reception of homeopathy in Polish medical writing and in popular writings on health, up to the end of the 19th century. Both in the first and in the second half of the 19th century most representatives of the Polish medical milieu believed Hahnemann's doctrine to be a conception devoid of any rational basis and one that was impossible to verify empirically. Polish medical writing refused to interpret those cases in which a patient was cured after being administered homeoptahic drugs - believed by the proponents of homeopathy to be sufficient evidence for the rationality and effectiveness of the doctrine - as providing testimony of the doctrine's scientific plausibility. Instead, such cases were interpreted in other ways, complying with the standards adopted in Polish clinical medicine of those times.

3

Teorie, doktryny i szkoły medyczne : zarys zagadnienia

Płonka-Syroka B.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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1998

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R. 43, nr 1

51--76

EN

The author presents her own proposals for defining such notions as medical theory, medical doctrine and school of medicine. She discusses the extent to which it is possible to make use, in studies on medical theories, of the conception of ideals of science, research programmes and the relativistic conception of scientific fact developed by L. Fleck. She presents proposals for a model of medical doctrine, consisting of three levels: the constitutive, the nomothetic and the variational. She also adduces a proposal for research on the reception of the views of schools of medicine using the conception of the strategies of action of scientific communities. The article is a recapitulation of the author's research conducted in the years 1988-1997.

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Metodologia T. S. Kuthana a historia medycyny (uwagi na marginesie 30. rocznicy wydania polskiego Struktury rewolucji naukowych)

Płonka-Syroka B.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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1998

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R. 43, nr 3/4

37--66

EN

Ever since its publication in the book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), the conception developed by T.S. Kuhn has been the subject of much discusssion in the works of philosophers and historians of science. The present author has attempted to look at Kuhn's conception, as presented in his 1962 book and in a number of additional papers contained in the volume The Essential Tension (Polish translation published in 1985 under the title Dwa bieguny. Tradycja i nowatorstwo w badaniach naukowych), from the point of view of its usefulness in studies on the history of medicine. Among the elements of Kuhn's model which could be used in the historiography of medicine, the author includes the concept of the history of science focused on reconstructing its real history. She discusses Kuhn's research directives and his views on the nature of scientific explanation. She finds Kuhn's concept of a crisis in science to be particularly useful in interpreting the changes in medical thought and practice. The author also believes that historians of medicine could draw in their research on Kuhn's views concerning the problem of choice of theory in scientific communities. However, the author has critically assessed the usefulness of two basic notion of Kuhn's model of the history of science, namely those of paradigm and scientific revolution, illustrating with specific examples the difficulties involved in employing them in the description of the real history of medicine. The author has found the analyzed conception to be a source of inspiration for the research work conducted by historians of medicine, but she does not consider it to be an adequate model of transformations in that field.

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Koncepcja podmiotowości człowieka wobec podstawowych pojęć medycyny teoretycznej i praktycznej

Płonka-Syroka B.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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1998

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R. 43, nr 2

69--80

EN

Conceptions of human subjectivity have throughout ages had an impact on the defining the subject-matter of theoretical and practical research in the area of medicine. They have influenced the way the patient was perceived in relation to the social and natural environments, and they have also provided the basis upon which diagnostic and therapeutic conceptions could be constructed. The author presents her own proposals for defining such notions as medical theory, medical doctrine and school of medicine. The present study gives an account of the changes in the research agenda of medicine in particular historical epochs in conjunction with the changes in defining human subjectivity as the subject-matter of its research.