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Diagnoza działań obronnych Izraela przed terrorystycznymi atakami rakietowymi i moździerzowymi w latach 2001-2012

Radomyski Adam, Michalska Anna

Aviation and Security Issues

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2023

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No. 1

313--330

PL

Zagrożenie Izraela ostrzałami rakietowymi i moździerzowymi z roku na rok przybiera na sile i skali oddziaływania. Można przyjąć, że ostrzały rakietowe i moździerzowe stały się po zamachach bombowych najgroźniejszą bronią ugrupowań terrorystycznych z Palestyny i Libanu. W tych działaniach prym wiodą dwie największe organizacje terrorystyczne, tj. Hamas i Hezbollah. Wraz z rozwojem tej formy terroryzmu Izrael musiał poprawić skuteczność systemu obronnego, co przełożyło się na skuteczniejszą ochronę ludności cywilnej i obiektów infrastruktury cywilnej i wojskowej przed atakami rakietowymi i moździerzowymi. Zmiany w systemie obronnym wymagały wielu lat pracy, a ich szczególna intensywność przypadła na lata 2006-2012. Dokonane zmiany w systemie bezpieczeństwa przyczyniły się do wykształcenia dwóch form: obrony pasywnej i aktywnej, które są nieustannie modyfikowane i udoskonalane. Celem artykułu było scharakteryzowanie obrony Izraela przed atakami rakietowymi i moździerzowymi wykonywanymi przez ugrupowania terrorystyczne w latach 2001-2012. Przedmiotowo opracowanie ma charakter praktyczny, ponieważ proces badawczy został oparty na faktach i realnych działaniach zrealizowanych przez Izrael, mających ograniczyć wielkość strat wśród ludności cywilnej. Za początek rozważań naukowych przyjęto rok 2001, w którym doszło do pierwszych ostrzałów rakietowych terytorium Izraela.

EN

The threat to Israel from rocket and mortar attacks has been increasing in terms of strength and impact year after year. It can be assumed that rocket and mortar attacks have become the most dangerous weapons used by terrorist groups from Palestine and Lebanon, following suicide bombings. The two largest terrorist organizations, namely Hamas and Hezbollah, play a leading role in these actions. As this form of terrorism evolved, Israel had to improve the effectiveness of its defense system, resulting in a more efficient protection of civilian population and civil and military infrastructure against rocket and mortar attacks. The changes in the defense system required years of work, with a particular intensity during the years 2006-2012. The implemented changes in the security system led to the development of two forms of defense: passive and active, which are constantly modified and improved. The aim of this article was to characterize Israel’s defense against rocket and mortar attacks carried out by terrorist groups in the years 2001-2012. The research conducted for this purpose has a practical nature, as it is based on facts and real actions implemented by Israel to minimize civilian casualties. The analysis begins in 2001 when the first rocket attacks on Israeli territory took place.

2

Protection of Critical Infrastructure Against Terrorism During the Olympic Summer Games in Rio De Janeiro in 2016

Radomyski Adam

Safety & Defense

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2022

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2

91--106

EN

The Brazilians enthusiastically welcomed the decision to grant them the right to host the 2016 Summer Olympics. The decision to grant Brazil the organization of such a large and spectacular mass sports event to be held in Rio de Janeiro entailed certain risks. This was mainly due to the alarming crime and violence rates in the city, which were largely related to drug trafficking. The decision of the International Olympic Committee sparked a global discussion which questioned Brazil's ability to guarantee the safety of participants in the 2016 Olympics, following the 2014 FIFA World Cup which it also hosted. This article analyzes and assesses the security system of the Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro organized by the Brazilian authorities, which, according to the organizers' intentions, was to effectively counter the projected internal and external threats. In this context, Brazil's actions for the safety of the Olympic Games deserve recognition and can be a good example for future organizers of this type of mass sporting events. This applies to activities undertaken by the organizers that had the greatest impact on the preparation, organization and functioning of the safety system during the 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games in Rio de Janeiro. In this regard, a certain specificity of activities undertaken by the organizers should be noted, which not only focused on combating terrorist threats, but were also aimed at countering internal threats, mainly the organized crime.

3

Security of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi

Radomyski Adam

Safety & Defense

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2021

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1

93--106

EN

Given the fact that major sporting events such as the Olympic Games attract attention all over the world, the aspect of their security has become even more important, especially after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Organizers of this type of mass sports event treat the issue of safety as top priority. The paper examines the empirical data from scientific publications, press releases and formal government documents that pertain to Russia's preparation to properly secure the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics in terms of security. The aim of this article was to identify the threats to the Winter Olympics in Sochi and to characterize the security system organized by Russia against this background. The conducted research confirmed that the greatest threat in Russia was the high activity of national liberation groups, fighters and terrorists from the Sochi area, which clearly intensified in the period preceding the Olympics. In addition, the security system created by Russia involved many different state bodies, including agencies, police and law enforcement services, and the army. Based on the research, it can be concluded that the security system created in Sochi may be a good example for other countries that will try to organize the Olympic Games in the future.

4

Counting the Uncountable: Introduction to the New Method of Evaluation of the Efficiency of Air Defense

Michalski Daniel, Radomyski Adam

Safety & Defense

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2020

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2

100-112

EN

The aim of the research was to create such a calculation model for the air defense efficiency that will enable to determine the degree of implementation of the task by anti-aircraft defense forces in combat conditions. The innovative approach to the efficiency of air defense presented in the article focuses on the methods and algorithms enabling the assessment of the feasibility of the air defense task. In its general form, it is based on the determination of the probable number of air assault assets intended for the implementation of an air task (destruction, incapacitation, disorganization of the cover object) and the possibility of air defense sets (means) to repel an air attack. The research was conducted with the use of qualitative methods – when determining the elements of protection or tactical and technical data. The results of the presented research can be implemented in the command process in air defense.

5

Modern aspects of the development of security in air transport under the conditions of air terrorism

Michalski Daniel, Radomyski Adam

Security and Defence Quarterly

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2019

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Vol. 26, No. 4

51--66

EN

Objectives: The authors determined the following aim of this article: identifying threats generated by air terrorism as well as characterizing the forms, methods, and manners. Methods: Authors used theoretical methods of research. The article presents research findings with regard to the organization and operation of security systems in civil air transport. At the article, the authors focused on air terrorism and security system in the airport. Results: The presented results of the study are not limited only to the theoretical aspects of terrorism. Authors also characterize organizational and technical undertakings that have already been implemented into security systems in aviation by national and intergovernmental institutions, responsible for its protection. Conclusions: Regardless of the form of air terrorism and applied means, an important issue is a fact that every attempt to intercept an aerial asset is attractive for terrorists, due to the fact that each time it causes not only damage or destruction of the machine itself and the death of passengers, but it is also a real threat to airport infrastructure, installations and urban residents. In addition, the events are accompanied by high-profile media coverage.

6

Computer simulation as an effective tool supporting decision-making processes in air defense

Radomyski Adam, Cur Krzysztof

Safety & Defense

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2019

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1

1--5

EN

This article outlines the results of studies concerning supporting the decision-making process in air defense with the use of state-of-the art computer simulator. The simulator is intended to simulate air force operations and air defense in the air, and the simulated facilities are supposed to reflect real and hypothetical facilities. It allows us to conduct experiments with the use of models showing particular fragments of reality, which reduce information entropy characteristic of contemporary decision-making situations in air defense.

7

Diagnoza systemu ochrony lotnictwa cywilnego przed atakami terrorystycznymi w Stanach Zjednoczonych

Radomyski Adam

Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Morskiego

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2019

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R. XIII

1--22

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań, które koncentrują się na problematyce wypracowanie przez Stany Zjednoczone skutecznych rozwiązań prawnych, organizacyjnych i technicznych pozwalających zwiększyć bezpieczeństwo lotnictwa cywilnego w tym pasażerów przebywających na pokładach statków powietrznych jak i w portach lotniczych. Istotną częścią rozważań naukowych było scharakteryzowanie organizacji systemów bezpieczeństwa w portach lotniczych działających w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Przedstawione wyniki nie ograniczają się do teoretycznych aspektów przeciwdziałania terroryzmowi, ale charakteryzują również praktyczne przedsięwzięcia organizacyjne i techniczne wdrożone do systemu ochrony lotnictwa w USA.

EN

The article presents the results of research that focus on the problem of developing by the United States effective legal, organizational and technical solutions to increase the security of civil aviation, including passengers on board aircraft and at airports. An important part of scientific considerations was to characterize the organization of security systems at airports operating in the United States. The presented results are not limited to the theoretical aspects of counteracting terrorism, but also characterize practical organizational and technical projects implemented in the aviation security system in the USA.

8

Ewolucja systemu obrony powietrznej państw NATO w latach 1950-2015

Radomyski Adam

Kwartalnik Bellona

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2019

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Nr 2

110--126

PL

Autor przedstawia wyniki badań nad genezą systemu obrony powietrznej państw NATO oraz jego rozwojem w latach 1955-2015. Omawia przebieg integracji obrony powietrznej NATO w okresie zimnej wojny - w latach intensywnego wyścigu zbrojeń oraz dynamicznego rozwoju środków przenoszenia broni atomowej przez lotnictwo strategiczne i rakiety dalekiego zasięgu. Koncentruje się zwłaszcza na zmianach technicznych i nowych technologiach, które były sukcesywnie implementowane do zintegrowanego systemu obrony powietrznej NATO (NATINADS). Ważną część artykułu stanowią rozważania nad koncepcjami rozwoju obrony powietrznej opracowywanymi i wdrażanymi w XXI wieku, stanowiącymi bazę transformacji zintegrowanego systemu obrony powietrznej NATO, w tym wyposażenia go w zdolności do zwalczania rakiet balistycznych oraz innego rodzaju rakiet.

EN

The author presents the results of research on the genesis of the air defense system of NATO countries and its development in the years 1955-2015. He discusses the course of NATO air defense integration during the Cold War - in the years of intensive arms race and dynamic development of means of transporting nuclear weapons by strategic aviation and long-range rockets. It focuses in particular on technical changes and new technologies that have been successively implemented in the NATO integrated air defense system (NATINADS). An important part of the article is a reflection on the concepts of air defense development developed and implemented in the XXI century, constituting the basis for the transformation of NATO's integrated air defense system, including equipping it with the capacity to fight ballistic missiles and other types of rockets.

9

Rozwój obrony powietrznej w Stanach Zjednoczonych po zakończeniu II wojny światowej do początku lat 90. XX wieku

Radomyski Adam

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Sił Powietrznych

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2017

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Nr 2

105--124

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań, które charakteryzują realizowane przez rząd Stanów Zjednoczonych po II wojnie światowej do końca lat osiemdziesiątych XX wieku programy badawczo-rozwojowe, które miały przyczynić się do stworzenia nowoczesnych artyleryjskich i rakietowych systemów obrony przeciwlotniczej. Autor opisuje poszczególne programy rozwoju systemów obrony przeciwlotniczej wskazując na ogromne nakłady finansowe, które przeznaczono na ich realizację. Autor podkreśla dużą determinację i wytrwałość Stanów Zjednoczonych w budowaniu nowoczesnych systemów obrony przeciwlotniczej przeznaczonych do osłony wojsk operacyjnych i obiektów cywilnych na terytorium kraju. Sukcesywne wprowadzanie do uzbrojenia amerykańskich Sił Zbrojnych nowoczesnych systemów walki z jednej strony było odpowiedzią na rozwój techniczny sił powietrznych państw Układu Warszawskiego, z drugiej zaś swoistą próbą zmierzającą do ograniczenia możliwości destrukcyjnego oddziaływania środków napadu powietrznego ZSRR na wojska NATO i obiekty cywilne rozmieszczone na terytorium USA i kontynencie północnoamerykańskim w warunkach konfliktu wojennego na dużą skalę.

EN

This paper presents the results of research that characterize the US government’s post-World War II research and development programs until the end of the 1980s, which were to contribute to the development of modern artillery and missile defence systems. The author describes various programs for the development of anti-aircraft defence systems, indicating a huge amount of financial resources that were allocated to their implementation. The author emphasizes the determination and perseverance of the United States in building modern anti-aircraft defence systems designed to protect military operations and civilian objects in the country. The successive introduction of US armed forces to modern weapons systems on the one hand was a response to the technical development of the air forces of the Warsaw Pact countries. On the other hand, it was an attempt to limit the destructive impact of the USSR aerial assault on NATO troops and civilian objects deployed in the USA and the North American continent in a large-scale war conflict.

10

Contemporary threats to the state air defence system

Radomyski Adam, Materak Witold

Security and Defence Quarterly

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2016

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Vol. 11, No. 2

45--69

EN

The contents of this article are focused on presenting the results of research concerning development of the means of air threat as a major determinant of changes in the modernisation of the air defence system in Poland. In this regard, the authors emphasise the role and means of air threat as a kind of pacemaker development of air defence systems. In this article, the main area of scientific considerations are technical and tactical aspects concerned with the evolution of manned and unmanned aircraft. The directions of their development of combat capabilities and an estimate of their use in contemporary and future battlefields against military objectives and non-military ones are covered. The article has high educational value and highlights future threats to the state air defence system and development trends in the twenty-first century.