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Risks of Soil Pollution with Toxic Elements During Military Actions in Lviv

Petrushka Kateryna, Malovanyy Myroslav, Skrzypczak Dawid, Chojnacka Katarzyna, Warchoł Jolanta

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 1

195--208

EN

Considering that approximately 20% of the nation’s land remains under the occupation of Russian forces, assessing the impact of the invasion in the midst of ongoing conflict is a formidable challenge. However, even the limited available data offers a distressing glimpse into an ecological catastrophe. The detonation of rockets and artillery shells leads to the generation of a variety of chemical compounds containing elements such as zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd). The primary goal of this research was to ascertain the presence of potentially hazardous elements (PTE) within the soil in areas subjected to targeted rocket attacks within the Lviv districts. Soil samples were gathered from four locations in the city of Lviv, which had been impacted by rocket fire, using a concentric circle sampling methodology. Two distinct instrumental techniques, namely X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), were employed to quantify the concentration of heavy metals within the soil samples. Results revealed that all soil samples exhibited a significant exceedance of the maximum allowable concentrations for titanium (Ti), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni). To assess the leachability and bioavailability of these elements within the soil, various extraction methods were applied in aqueous conditions and in the presence of ammonium citrate. The latter method demonstrated high effectiveness in extracting zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and cadmium (Cd) from the soil. The level of soil contamination was evaluated using diverse criteria, including the contamination factor (Cf), the environmental risk factor (Er), the potential environmental risk index (Ri), the geoaccumulation index (Igeo), and the environmental risk factor (NIPI – National Iron plus Initiative). The computed cumulative environmental impact of all elements (NIPI = 49.001 and NIRI = 54.941, National Investor Relations Institute) underscores the substantial pollution within the surveyed area.

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Assessment of the Impact of Military Actions on the Soil Cover at the Explosion Site by the Nemerov Method and the Pearson Coefficient Case Study of the City of Lviv

Petrushka Kateryna, Petrushka Ihor, Yukhman Yaryna

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 10

77--85

EN

The military actions of the Russian Federation’s aggression in Ukraine cause irreparable damage to the soil cover, realizing that its natural restoration will take decades. However, missile attacks on residential areas bring no less damage and trouble to Ukraine. The main goal of the conducted research was to determine the content of potentially toxic elements (PTE) in the soil at the site of the explosion and on its surface. Soil sampling was carried out at the explosion sites of the city of Lviv using the method of concentric circles. The soil research area is 30–50 m² (depending on the type of cruise missile), which allows assessing the distribution of PTE relative to the depth of the crater and on its surface. The soil samples were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence analyzer Expert-3L. The main studied elements were Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The pollution index (Pi) was estimated using the Nemerov method. The degree of soil pollution was assessed by the ecological risk factor (Er), and the potential ecological risk index (Ri). Using the Pearson correlation index (PCI), their number and the possibility of distribution of heavy metals (HM) in the soil were determined. Similarity between levels of heavy metal concentrations was determined using cluster analysis (CA). The values of the environmental risk index of each element based on the Nemerov index show a very high level of pollution (Ps=48.64), exceeding the permissible value of Ps>3 by 15 times. The highest environmental risk factor (Er) is created by cadmium (Cd). The investigated elements concerning the environmental risk factor can be arranged in the following sequence: Cd>Cu>Pb>Ni>Zn>Cr>Ti. Considering the minimum values of potential environmental risk (RI), only two elements have a low coefficient of potential environmental risk (RI<40)—titanium and chromium. All other investigated elements have significant and very high environmental risk potential.

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Impact from Counterion Nature on Current Transfer Through Structural Fragments of Sulphocationic Resin

Malovanyy Myroslav, Kononenko Natalia, Demina Olga, Petrushka Kateryna

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 3

7--12

EN

The parameters of an extended three-wire model of ion-exchange materials conductivity, which characterize the current particles flowing through various structural fragments of the ion exchanger, were calculated based on the concentration dependence of the sulphocationite KU-2 resin electrical conductivity in electrolyte solutions of different nature. It was shown that most of the current in the resin is transferred through the channel with a consecutive arrangement of conducting gel and solution phases, regardless of the counterion nature. The differences in model parameters for the resin in the salt and proton form, related to the specific mechanism of proton transfer, confirmed the adequacy of the applied approach to the estimation of the counterion nature effect on the current transfer in resin.