Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Production decline curve analysis for mature gas reservoirs subject to rehabilitation

Tataru A., Stefanescu D. P., Bolazs S

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2018

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Vol. 35, no. 1

255--269

EN

Production decline under all its aspects, sometimes controllable, but more and more inconsistent with the growing demands of the natural gas market, has imposed a new approach on mature gas reservoirs which Romania owns, namely, their rehabilitation. During exploitation, after recording a considerable production history and implicitly a appreciable depletion, it is necessary the evaluation of maintaining or changing the exploitation strategy. The approaches in this sense must be from the perspective of improving the value of mature gas fields. Throughout the exploitation of a gas reservoir generally there are distinquished several stages, such as gradually increase of gas flow rates due to increasing gas wells introduced into production; maintaining of a quasi-constant production; a accentuated decline of gas flow rates of the reservoir respectively a attenuated decline of gas flow rates of the reservoir. The first three stages are quite short reported to the whole exploitation process of the reservoir. The production decline appears sooner or later depending on the manifestation form of the reservoir energy. For the accuracy of the baseline which is to be established, can be taken in discussion, as reference intervals, those periods from the production history, in which the points dispersion is minimal, and flow rates respectively the production are comparable with the current ones. Taking into consideration the decline values obtained from decline curve analysis characteristically to every exploitation stage, we consider that to define the baseline production afferent to the next stage, it is optimal to accept the specific decline of the latest exploitation period. It can be noted that throughout production history, although the exploitation of the gas reservoir was intensified, due to accessing new reserve volumes, the decline tendency is to maintain at a limited interval. This behavior indicates the fact that also in conditions of intensifying the exploitation in the future, the decline will maintain a value sensitively close to the values from the latest periods, in which rehabilitation was applied.

2

Utilization of Smart Field concept in mature gas field rehabilitation

Tataru A., Stefanescu D. P., Simescu A. M.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2016

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Vol. 33, no. 1

183--194

EN

Since the concept of Smart Field emerged, the operating companies work hard to enable such capabilities through various technology developments, both in the field and the office. Smart Fields help to manage, deliver, optimize and develop short and long term decisions and plans. The technology of “Smart Fields” is based on the measurement of process parameters in the reservoir and on the surface [4]. Implementing Smart Gas Field help us to maximize the value of production and increase profitability, while reducing operating costs and the use of industrial services. The integrated and automated data from sensors, simulated models and controllers provide reliable diagnostic tests, enable measurable improvements and implement a favorable environment to plan and schedule phases of production [5]. The main challenge for Romgaz was to combine and integrate older system into newer one. The problem was the installed old technology equipment, which was difficult to replace by the new one. During the last years in the most majors fields has begun a process of rehabilitation. To extend the mature gas reservoir life we redeveloped and optimized the fields, improving productivity and reservoir performance. To aim these goals, today, we need monitoring / surveillance programs for optimizing the production . It is important to measure the parameters of process conditions as accurately as possible.

3

Noninvasive stimulation opportunities in a marginal gas field

Stefanescu D. P., Nitulete A.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2016

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Vol. 33, no. 2

507--514

EN

The Laslau Mare field is a brown gas field in the Transylvanian Basin. The field was developed in the 1970s and the production consists of more than 99% methane gas and low WGR (average of 0.03 m3/kscm). Current reservoir pressures are at a less than a third of initial values. As in any mature field with increasing water production and reservoir pressure depletion, several degrees of formation damage and tubular obstructions have been observed. Mud invasion, plugged perforation, water blockage and scale precipitation at the near wellbore region are factors impairing wells to produce at potential. Adding to the above the fact, the reservoir is water sensitive (low reservoir pressures and water wet reservoir). Severe constraints on production were seen when performing any sort of operation requiring the use of water based fluids, as severe losses occur. These procedures have always given post-job challenges to production engineers. Skin induced by mud or liquid losses is highly affecting wells post job performance. Long recovery times have been observed following workovers’ operations in Laslau Mare (0.5 to 2.5 years recovery for workovers and one to three months for wash treatments). Perforation and re-perforation operations are one of the best way to overcome the formation damage, bypass the invaded zones and open new production zones. Historically, perforation was done with casing guns in overbalanced condition. This practice induces immediately a skin created by fluids losses and prolong the flow back periods making the stimulation much less effective. Another methodology is to run through tubing guns and perforate in underbalanced conditions with smaller guns being limited by the completion size. In the latter case, the perforation performance are much less than the casing gun ones. In both cases, the full potential of the well is not achieved. A newer methodology is introducing re-perforation/perforation with casing guns in underbalanced, dry conditions, within snubbing operations. The methodology allows instantaneous gain of production and maximizes well recovery factor in the long term. Two pilot operations were executed with very good results and promising opportunities arise for candidate wells in the field.

4

Compressor application for extending production life cycle in mature fields

Stefanescu D. P., Maulidani O. A., Audrey B.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2016

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Vol. 33, no. 2

495--506

EN

Mature gas fields are subject to network backpressure fluctuation causing liquid loading condition. The liquid loading, theoretically, occurs when the gas velocity is below its critical velocity which commonly happens in mature fields when rates become “low”. Based on Turner or Coleman’s equations, the critical velocity is proportional to the wellhead flowing pressure. This means, when the wellhead pressure increases as the result of higher external (sales) pressure, then the critical velocity will be higher. This condition will give a “pseudo” production decline of the wells. Gas compression is among the best fit-for-purpose solution to overcome the above challenges. Gas compression will help to reduce the wellhead flowing pressure which increases the gas velocity above the critical velocity as well as the well gas rate by lowering the bottomhole flowing pressure. The wells will be capable of unloading the liquid inside the wellbore and the reservoir will suffer a higher pressure drawdown. Moreover, the wells will not be impacted by the external pressure fluctuation as long as this latter is below the compressor discharge pressure. Gas compression has been implemented in Laslau Mare mature gas field to extend the production life cycle. 5 wellhead compressors have been installed since 2010 and 1 group compressor since 2014. Both types of compressor show positive results. This paper explains the application of compressor in Laslau Mare field starting with candidate selection up to cash flow analysis. A big emphasis will be given to the compressor/ well performance.

5

Integrating new data acquisition to develop tight gas reservoir of a mature field through multilayer fracture stimulations

Stefanescu D. P., Falk I., Iturbe Y.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2015

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Vol. 32, no. 1

153--173

EN

Laslau Mare field is situated in the central part of the Transylvania Basin, in Romania. This is a mature gas field, composed by multi-layered sandstone reservoirs, grouped in six production packages. The permeability of the reservoirs is decreasing with depth, resulting in tight gas formations in the two deepest reservoirs. One of these tight reservoirs presents a high interest for reserves development in order to accelerate the recovery factor of the field. Compared to the other production packages, which have higher recovery factors (~80%), this package has a current RF of only 65%, with more attractive remaining recoverable gas volumes. The reservoir model was built based on 3D seismic and old log data. After history matching and simulation, a remaining gas in place map was created, in order to visualize the areas of interest for future drilling or workover operations. One new infill well was drilled in 2014, in an area with higher remaining gas in place. Special logging and side- wall coring were executed in this well, in order to get a better characterization of the reservoir properties and to build a geomechanical model for hydraulic frac design. The subject package still has a decent reservoir pressure which keeps an acceptable value of the productivity index of the producer wells. The reservoir pressure recorded after the drilling helped to update the static reservoir pressure in the area; the new points were incorporated in the dynamic model in order to get morę control in the pressure history match. New population of static properties such as: porosity, net to gross and permeability have been included in the dynamic model to generate the forecast production profile for the infill well and neighbor wells. The infill is a dual completion well which means the deeper zone produces through the tubing and the shallower zone through the annulus being separated by a packer. These two zones have two different dynamic models. The production forecasts has been done also based on decline curve analysis DCA, using historical production of the neighbor wells as a reference and the decline rate of the area, in each reservoir. In that order of ideas the infill has two gas production forecasts coming from each methodology, to compare with the real gas production, which allows us evaluating the results in the well. Based on the new data, the frac stages were defined and simulated in the deeper tight reservoir, in order to select the best target layers. The initial plan was to do multistage frac stimulation, but the idea was discarded after evaluating the operational feasibility. Ten frac stages have been evaluated creating a local refmement grid around the well and designing a fracture simulation scenario. The results pointed out one stage as being the best in terms of cumulative production and it was chosen as the only finał target for frac. A PLT log was run in the infill well for the purpose of identifying the risk of water layers and the production contribution of the perforation intervals. This was matched very well with the simulation results. The results and experience gained from this new well are helping with the further planning of the production development strategy of this production package in order to inerease the final recovery factor.

6

Implementation of project management concept, in depleted gas reservoir exploitation

Tataru A., Stefanescu D. P., Balazs S.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2015

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Vol. 32, no. 1

175--183

EN

In the past the gas industry focused its interest and major investments mainly on the early life of the reservoir and on the development and constant maintenance of production. But times change and currently for depleted gas reservoirs defined as reservoirs in an advanced stage of decline, energy and production should be considered as potential additional energy sources. The ideal time to start managing a reservoir is at its discovery, but Romgaz has a new approach regarding project management implemenatation for depleted gas fields. The strategy presumed, a multidisciplinary team of geophysicists, geologists, reservoir engineers, production engineers and economists. These multidisciplinary teams evaluated existing information and build up a plan for new data acquisitions, the data was integrated, processed, interpreted and correlated in a study with following objectives: -Construct 3D geological model to estimate resources. -Use reservoir engineering to estimate remaining reserves and expected ultimate recovery. -Use results of the study to identify new development opportunities on the field and forecast production scenarios. Success for this challenge depended on: -working as a team; -openness, flexibility, communication, and coordination; -persistence.

7

Technical and economic analysis of the impact of compressors installed at well clusters

Foidas I., Stefanescu D. P.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2014

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Vol. 31, no. 2

263--270

EN

The current stage of mature gas fields exploitation is characterized by increasing the efforts for maintaining the wells in production, in order to maximize the gas recovery factor in conditions of economic profitability. In this respect, a permanent concern of the specialists in this domain is represented by the adjustment of the compression capacities with the dynamics of the energetic parameters of every well belonging to these fields. This assumes the compression units installing as close to the well head in order to decrease the dynamic pressure, allowing the gas ratę increasing. On the other hand, decreasing the dynamic pressure at the well head, results also in reducing the minimum gas rate necessary for removal the liquid accumulated at the wells bottom, avoiding thereby the risk of the wells flooding. The pilot project of installing the portable compressors at the level of some gas groups operated by Romgaz, was a real success, the future perspectives regarding the production enhancing and revenue growth, based on this technology, being certainly.

8

Optimizing recovery factor in multilayers mature gas field, based on decline curve analysis methodology

Stefanescu D. P., Iturbe Y., Falk I.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2014

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Vol. 31, no. 2

367--393

EN

Generally, the mature fields have a good portion of the remaining reserves still trapped due to inefficient drainage, pressure decline, inerease in water cut, sand production and aging of the existing system. This paper addresses a methodology applied on the historical produetion behavior to identify techniques and initiatives to optimize the recovery factor based on redevelopment plans in a mature field. For Laslau Mare field in particular, there have been identified and implemented opportunities such as: infill drilling, work over optimization, dynamie underbalance perforation (DUP), acidizing, kick off with N2, propellant stimulation, snubbing, soaping, sand management, Wavefront Technology stimulation and wellhead and/or group compressor installation.

9

Liquid unloading optimization from gas wells which exploit depleted reservoirs

Tataru A., Stefanescu D. P., Simescu B.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2014

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Vol. 31, no. 2

241--

EN

One of the most important aspects in natural gas exploitation, which must be constantly monitored, is the liquid impurities loading in gas wells, mostly in depleted reservoirs. The extension of this phenomenon is observed, as the natural gas reservoirs are depleted, thus substantially reduction of the reservoir pressure. The increasing quantity of liquid impurities is a major problem in gas depleted reservoirs exploitation, which could not be naturally removed in energetical depletion conditions. In this period, to avoid liquids acumulation and afterwards flooding, wells must produce with a minimum flow, named critical flow, under whose value is not possible the unloading of accumulated liquids. Wells can produce without liquid accumulations if in the tubing is obtained a gas flow velocity, greater than the liquid drop free dowfall speed limit. The velocity and critical flow depend on bottom hole or surface dynamie pressure, flow section diameter, liquid and gas density, water superficial strength. Liquid flow inerease during gas depleted reservoir exploitation, but only a part of this quantity is naturally unloaded by gas stream, the other part tend to accumulate to the bottom hole. In this conditions, the dynamie bottom hole pressure will inerease continuosly, causing continuous dropping and pronounced gas flow rate, until the well floods and stops producing. Early recognition of signs that indicates well liquid loading and the most suitable lifting system selection can eliminate problems before the production drops and layers damage.

10

New steps in finding the potential prospects for unconventional gas reservoirs in Transylvanian Basin (Romania)

Stefanescu D. P., Piteiu M. A., Vlasin I.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2012

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Vol. 29, no. 1

285-292

EN

The present paper is considered a result of the Romgaz managerial team preoccupation for identifying unconventional gas resources and reserves in Transylvanian Basin and is also designed as a continuation of our last year assessments, In this respect was initiated a complex project in which we were involved. Because the recent studies have proved an insufficient maturity degree of the organic matter in Transylvanian Basin, so in this stage we can not speak about "shale gas", only "tight gas" category has been approached. The methodology applied in our study preparation included more steps which are briefly presented in the paper. After the inventory of our whole data base, with all the productive fields and also the areas between them, we performed a filtering of the collected data and information, focusing mainly on the new zones, inside the known structures and also on the isolated wells, located between fields. The main selection criterions were the Badenian formations, with low permeability and porosity, based on the cores analyses, located deeper at more than 2000 m, and tested with low gas flow rates. gas shows or even no flow (dry tests). For each selected packages and the individual isolated wells, we estimated the petrophysical parameters (porosity, gas saturation), geometrical ones in terms of area and net pay and energetical (the volume factor), in order to go further to computing the initial geological resources by volumetric method. Due to the uncertainty of each parameters involved, beside the computation in deterministic way, was applied the statistical method by Monte Carlo simulation, taking into account the minimum and maximum values of the parameters. The conclusions derived from our estimations, allowed to define a play associated with the deep zone of Basin "Deep Basin Center" and to propose few prospects, based on the most attractive selection criterions, in terms of volumes, net pay, cores and logs, 3D seismic, etc. As a result of our assessment, we hope to be implemented in the near future a pilot project.

PL

W artykule przeanalizowano wyniki badań ekipy menedżerskiej Romgazu nad określeniem niekonwencjonalnych złóż i zasobów gazu ziemnego w Basenie Transylwanii. Jednocześnie jest to kontynuacja ubiegłorocznych obliczeń szacunkowych. W ten sposób też został zainicjowany złożony projekt nad którym obecnie pracują autorzy pracy. Dotychczasowe badania wykazały niewystarczający stopień dojrzałości materii organicznej na terenie Basenu Transylwanii, dlatego na tym etapie trudno mówić o "gazie łupkowym", można jedynie o gazie uwięzionym w skale. Metodologia zastosowana w pracy została powiększona o kolejne etapy, które opisano w artykule. Po przeanalizowaniu bazy danych, wszystkich produktywnych złóż i obszarów pomiędzy nimi, zgromadzone dane i informacje przefiltrowano koncentrując się jedynie na nowych strefach, wewnątrz znanych struktur oraz na pojedynczych otworach w strefie między złożami. Głównie, na podstawie analizy rdzeni pobranych z głębokości z ponad 2000 m oraz badań gazu o małych prędkościach lub praktycznie zerowych przepływach (suche testy) wybrano badeńskie formacje o niskiej przepuszczalności i porowatości. Dla wybranych pakietów i pojedynczych, wyizolowanych otworów oszacowano parametry petrofizyczne (porowatość, nasycenie gazem), geometryczne pod kątem powierzchni i wydajności oraz energetyczne (współczynnik objętości), w celu dalszego obliczenia zasobów początkowych z wykorzystaniem metody objętościowej. Ze względu na niepewny charakter każdego z parametrów, poza deterministycznymi obliczeniami komputerowymi zastosowano statystyczną metodę Monte Carlo, uwzględniającą wartości minimalne i maksymalne parametrów. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika możliwość określenia gry związanej z głęboką strefą Basenu, tj. "Głębokie Centrum Basenu" i zaproponowania kilku potencjalnych rozwiązań na podstawie najbardziej korzystnych kryteriów, np. objętości, opłacalności, rdzeni i profili, seismiki 3D. Opierając się na przeprowadzonych szacunkach mamy nadzieję wdrożyć projekt pilotażowy w niedalekiej przyszłości.

11

Some considerations regarding the unconventional gas reservoirs in Romgaz

Stefanescu D. P., Vlasin I., Piteiu M. A., Petrescu V.

Wiertnictwo, Nafta, Gaz

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2011

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T. 28, z. 1-2

381-390

EN

The need for discovering the alternative energy resources, beside the classical and conventional ones, became nowadays a continuous challenge and it seems to become a viable solution in order to overcome the worldwide energetic crisis. If the concept of unconventional gas is nowadays more frequently used in world oil and gas industry, in Romgaz it hasn't been implemented and developed until now, even if unconventional reservoirs have been already tested in the past, without knowing and using this terminology. The unconventional gas reservoir is related to a low permeability formation, that is producing mainly dry gas. The most part of the low permeability reservoirs are developed in sandstones, but high amounts of gas have been also produced in carbonates, shales and coalbed methane. However, today we can say that our attempts are also very timid, but we are often encouraged by the successful results obtained during the wells testing. Based on Romgaz experience, we could classify our unconventional gas reservoirs in two main categories: shale gas and tight gas formations. After a short description of the general concept and what an unconventional gas reservoir means, our paper will present some case studies from different areas and geological units, belonging to Romgaz, which provide the existence of natural gas in these types of reservoirs. We mention that the old Romgaz concept regarding well testing was related to perforating only the porous permeable formations, but some experiments developed in the last years proved to have good results in unconventional formations. Although it's very clear that extraction of natural gas from these reservoirs is more difficult and also more expensive than that from the conventional reservoirs, due to the new technologies which would be perhaps involved (hydraulic fracturing, acidizing, etc.) we are fully convinced that what was considered unconventional in the past, will become conventional in the future.

PL

Konieczność odkrywania alternatywnych zasobów energii poza konwencjonalnymi stanowi obecnie wyzwanie i sensowne rozwiązanie problemu kryzysu energetycznego na świecie. O ile kwestię niekonwencjonalnych złóż gazu ziemnego w światowym przemyśle ropy i gazu podejmuje się coraz częściej, to Romgaz nie opracował do tej pory i nie wdrożył tego alternatywnego podejścia, jakkolwiek w przeszłości dokonywał opróbowań niekonwencjonalnych zbiorników jednak bez stosowania używanej obecnie nomenklatury. Niekonwencjonalne zbiorniki gazu ziemnego są związane z istnieniem formacji o niskiej przepuszczalności, produkujących głównie suchy gaz. Większa część słabo przepuszczalnych zbiorników utworzyła się w piaskowcach, chociaż olbrzymie ilości gazu pochodzą również ze skał węglanowych, łupków i metanu pochodzenia węglowego. Jakkolwiek obecne osiągnięcia wydają się skromne, do dalszych działań często zachęcają dobre wyniki opróbowań otworów. Z doświadczeń Romgazu wynika, że niekonwencjonalne zbiorniki gazu ziemnego można podzielić na pochodzenia łupkowego i skalnego. Po krótkim przedstawieniu ogólnej koncepcji i znaczenia niekonwencjonalnego zbiornika gazu, w artykule omówiono kilka przypadków w formacjach geologicznych na terenach należących do Romgazu, gdzie stwierdzono obecność gazu ziemnego w tego typu zbiornikach. Zgodnie z poprzednią koncepcją Romgazu otworów opróbowywano otwory odwiercone jedynie na przepuszczalnych i porowatych formacjach, podczas gdy z doświadczeń ostatnich lat wynika, że dobre wyniki uzyskano również ze zbiorników niekonwencjonalnych. Mimo oczywistej trudności związanej z wydobyciem gazu ziemnego z tego typu zbiorników i wyższych kosztów w porównaniu do konwencjonalnych zbiorników, to biorąc pod uwagę nowe rozwiązania technologiczne, które w takim przypadku należałoby zastosować (szczelinowanie hydrauliczne, kwasowanie itd.) autorzy są w pełni przekonani, że to, co było niekonwencjonalne w przeszłości, w przyszłości stanie się konwencjonalne.

12

MUD LOGGING - a real time interconnection between geology and drilling

Stefanescu D. P., Vlasin I., Piteiu M. A.

Wiertnictwo, Nafta, Gaz

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2011

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T. 28, z. 1-2

371-379

EN

The final stage of geological research, which is in fact the essence of the exploration activity for discovering the new hydrocarbons accumulations, is actually represented by designing the new wells. For sure one of the main condition to achieve the proposed target could be considered the well monitoring. The implementation in Romgaz of the concept known as mud logging wasn't so easy. The beginning is related to the period 1989-1990, when the deepest well from Transylvanian Basin was drilled and the first mud logging unit was rented from the offshore Romanian company. After that successful experiment, few appraisal wells were monitored in this way, followed by more and more wells, so nowadays for each well there is a mud logging unit belonging to different drilling contractors or other services companies. In the last period, Romgaz set up a new department specially designed for mud logging supervising. The great advantage is represented not only by monitoring the drilling parameters (weight on bit, rate of penetration, rotary torque, pump strokes, the mud pit level, etc.) which allows to create a more accurate image of the well just from the drilling stage, but also by gathering a lot of geological data such as lithological description, calcimetry analyses, gas indicators and others, assuring in fact a maximum well security. All these information correlated with the borehole geophysics can identify the possible zones of interest for hydrocarbons accumulations and predict the well testing program and thus the future status of the well. Beside the short description of the main recorded drilling parameters and some aspects regarding the geological assistance, the case study presented in the paper highlights a very good correlation between drilling and geological parameters, open hole logs and the production tests. It's very obvious that diagrams provided by the mud logging services, including specialized devices and a competitive team, represent an accurate data base not only for the current well evaluation, but also for a better approach of the risk analyses in designing the new wells. For this reason, the mud logging service became a real necessity and represents in Romgaz a constant requirement for each new well.

PL

Końcowa faza badań geologicznych, która w rzeczywistości jest istotą poszukiwań za nowymi akumulacjami węglowodorów, sprowadza się do zaprojektowania nowych otworów wiertniczych. Z pewnością jednym z głównych warunków osiągnięcia celu jest zastosowanie monitoringu. Zastosowanie w Romgaz koncepcji mud logging nie było łatwym zadaniem. Początki sięgają lat 1989-1990, kiedy odwiercono najgłębszy otwór w Basenie Transsylwanii i kiedy wypożyczono zestaw do pomiaru właściwości płuczki od rumuńskiej jednostki prowadzącej badania morskie. Po przeprowadzeniu tego udanego eksperymentu monitoring wprowadzono w kilku następnych otworach, potem w kolejnych, aż do chwili obecnej, gdy zestawy monitorujące należące do różnych kontraktorów, instalowane są w każdym otworze. W ostatnim czasie Romgaz uruchomił nowy wydział zajmujący się nadzorem i pomiarami właściwości płuczek. Dużą zaletą tej metody jest nie tylko to, że monitoruje się parametry wiercenia (nacisk na świder, wielkość postępu, moment obrotowy, suw pompy, poziom zbiornika płuczkowego itd.), co umożliwia stworzenie dokładnego obrazu otworu od początku wiercenia. Istotne jest również zebranie wielkiej ilości danych geologicznych, np. opis litologiczny, analizę kalcymetryczną, wskaźniki gazu i inne, zapewniające maksymalne bezpieczeństwo otworu. Wszystkie te informacje koreluje się z wynikami otworowych badań geofizycznych w celu określenia potencjalnych stref akumulacji węglowodorów, doboru programu do opróbowania otworu i określenia jego przyszłego stanu. Po przedstawieniu krótkiego opisu głównych zarejestrowanych parametrów wiercenia i niektórych aspektów geologii, wykazano, że opisany przypadek wykazuje dobrą korelację między parametrami wiercenia, geologicznymi, geofizycznymi i testami produkcyjnymi. Jest oczywiste, że wykresy pochodzące z pomiarów właściwości płuczki uwzględniają zastosowanie specjalistycznych urządzeń i obsługi, umożliwiając stworzenie dokładnej bazy danych nie tylko do oszacowania danego otworu, ale również opracowania lepszego podejścia do analizy ryzyka przy projektowaniu kolejnych otworów. Dlatego też specjalistyczne pomiary w Romgazie stały się już koniecznością, szczególnie w przypadku nowych otworów.

13

Using well testing to confirm the suspected reservoir model by seismic investigations

Tataru A., Stefanescu D. P., Simescu B.

Wiertnictwo, Nafta, Gaz

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2009

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T. 26, z. 1--2

391-396

EN

The activity of seismic surveys is very complex and has the purpose to investigate the underground, in order to discover productive geological structures and various relations among the already known structures. More often, lately, there are looked for subtle traps in the areas with complicated geology, fact that requires more attention in the projection and execution of acquisition works, as well as the processing and interpretation of the gathered information. An area intensively researched lately is the Eastern area of Romania, a very troubled area from a tectonic point of view, with many structural traps and very many faults. In this region, our company emphasized several hydrocarbon accumulations of lenticular form.

PL

Badania sejsmiczne, wykonywane w sposób kompleksowy, mają na celu poznanie podłoża gruntowego, rozpoznania skał perspektywicznych oraz zależności pomiędzy już poznanymi strukturami. W ostatnich latach coraz częściej badania sejsmiczne wykorzystywane są do lokalizowania trudno dostępnych pułapek geologicznych znajdujących się w skomplikowanych strukturach geologicznych. Wymaga to bardzo dokładnego wykonania badań oraz odwzorowania budowy geologicznej, jak również szczegółowej interpretacji zebranych informacji. Artykuł zawiera wyniki badań sejsmicznych przeprowadzonych na terenie wschodniej Rumuni. Z tektonicznego punktu widzenia region ten cechuje się bardzo trudną budową geologiczną z wieloma strukturami tektonicznymi o charakterze pułapek geologicznych. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań nasza Firma odkryła na tym terenie kilkanaście złóż węglowodorów.

14

Natural gas companies' trends and perspectives in production, storage and consumption of natural gas

Stefanescu D. P., Petrescu V.

Wiertnictwo, Nafta, Gaz

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2009

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T. 26, z. 1--2

337-343

EN

The history of natural gas exploitation has an important role in the Romanian economical evolution. 100 years of gas activity represents a period when the event from the beginning of the last century, that of discovering the natural gas in Transylvania, subsequently changed in an important economical segment with a infrastructure of considerable dimensions.

PL

Historia eksploatacji gazu ziemnego odgrywa ważną rolę w rozwoju ekonomicznym Rumuni. 100 lat aktywności branży gazowniczej prezentuje okres czasu mający swe korzenie w początkach ubiegłego wieku, kiedy to odkrycie złoża gazu ziemnego w Transylwanii zmieniło późniejszą ekonomię tego kraju oraz pozwoliło na zbudowanie infrastruktury o znacznych rozmiarach.