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1

Hydrotreated vegetable oil fuel within the Fit for 55 package

Sikora Mieczysław, Orliński Piotr

Combustion Engines

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2024

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R. 63, nr 2

3--8

EN

On March 28, 2023, the EU Council adopted a regulation setting stringent carbon dioxide emission standards for new cars and vans. Under the new law, new vehicles with a 100 per cent reduction in carbon dioxide emissions will be able to be registered after 2035. The new EU legislation sets the following targets: a 55 per cent reduction in CO2 emissions for new cars and 50 per cent for new vans between 2030 and 2034 compared to 2021 levels; a 100 per cent reduction in CO2 emissions for both new cars and vans from 2035. This will result in only electric or hydrogen-powered cars and vans being able to be registered after 2035. The fuel omitted from the Fit for 55 packages within cars and vans is hydrotreated vegetable oil. According to the research carried out so far, it is possible to replace diesel with HVO fuel even without interference with the fuel injection control system. If an internal combustion engine is fuelled with HVO fuel instead of diesel, the greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced by up to 90 per cent. What is more, the technology for using HVO fuel has many more possibilities for reducing CO2 emissions, if only by refining the exhaust after-treatment process. The exclusion of this fuel from the Fit for 55 package raises serious doubts about the quality of the analyses based on which HVO fuel was not included in the Fit for 55 packages.

2

Reducing wheel wear of a motorised metro car on a curved track with a small curve radius

Matej Jan, Orliński Piotr

Pojazdy Szynowe

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2023

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Nr 3-4

25--32

EN

A structural solution was proposed to enable passive control of the wheelsets of a motorised metro car on curved track with a small curve radius. This effect was achieved by varying the stiffness of the guidance of the wheelsets in the horizontal plane of the frame of each bogie on which the wagon body rests. This ensured the required critical speed of the metro wagon when moving on straight track, and allowed for reduced mechanical wheel wear and better steering of the bogies when moving on curved track with a small radius of curvature. Parameters specific to the design of modern metro cars were taken into account. Current knowledge of non-linear lateral dynamics of rail vehicles and the specialist computer programme Vi-Rail were used to perform the calculations involving simulation models.

3

New possibilities to reduce wheel and rail wear in the operation of metro wagons on curved track with small curve radii without considering propulsion and braking systems

Matej Jan, Orliński Piotr

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2023

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Vol. 25, no. 1

art. no. 15

EN

This paper analyses the parameters relevant to the operation of underground cars in traffic on straight and curved tracks with small curve radii. Current knowledge of non-linear lateral dynamics of rail vehicles and the specialist computer programme Vi-Rail were used to build models and perform simulation calculations. A solution was proposed to enable passive control of wheelsets with very high guiding stiffnesses, without the need for systems to force the axles of the wheelsets to align radially in a curved track. This effect was achieved by varying the guidance stiffness in the horizontal plane of the frame of each bogie. The adopted course of action offers simplicity of solution, low manufacturing costs, high critical speed on straight track and extended service life of the metro wagons resulting from reduced mechanical wear of wheels and rails. A multi-criteria evaluation was carried out, confirming improved bogie controllability and reduced impact of the metro wagon wheelsets on the curved track. Comparisons were made of the design volumes for metro model wagons with bogies with symmetric and unsymmetric axle-guide stiffness arrangements of the wheelsets.

4

Impact of an Electric Locomotive on a Perfectly Smooth Railway Track in Terms of Rail Corrugation Formation

Matej Jan, Orliński Piotr

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2023

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Vol. 17, no 5

77--88

EN

Purpose of the article is to demonstrate that a high-speed electric locomotive, driven by asynchronous motors in a hollow shaft arrangement and swing-out couplings, can generate corrugation conditions on the surface of new and smooth rails on straight and curved track. Most studies carried out in this area is usually concerned with the response of the power train to kinematic excitation from a track where corrugations are already present. The novelty of the look presented in the article is to establish the influence of the vehicle's driveline and the parameters of a perfectly smooth formation track on the mechanism of corrugation. A four-axle EU11 electric locomotive, produced in Poland in the late 1990s, has been selected for analysis. A complete electro-mechanical model of the locomotive was built using the Vi-Rail software and prepared for simulation on straight and curved track. A non-linear model of wheel-rail contact was included and the contact forces were determined for the locomotive model in motion with the active power system. Unbalanced inertia forces generated by the scattering of stiffness characteristics of the coupling links, have been included to the propulsion system as an additional source of dynamic excitations. The complexity of the obtained results was influenced by the fact that simulation studies were carried out in both the time and frequency domains. The results obtained in the time domain were used to calculate the vertical and torsional vibration frequencies with respect to the driving wheelsets. One of the most important results of the simulation studies carried out is the determination of the effect of locomotive acceleration on the frequency of resonant torsional vibrations of the wheelsets in straight and curved track traffic.

5

Hydro-treated vegetable oil as a potential biofuel for self-ignition engines

Sikora Mieczysław, Orliński Piotr, Matej Jan

Transport Samochodowy

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2022

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z. 1

14--19

EN

Hydro-treating vegetable oils or animal fats is an alternative process to esterification for the production of biodiesel. Hydro-treated products are also called renewable diesel fuels. Hydro-treated vegetable oils (HVO) do not have the harmful effects of FAME biodiesel such as increased NOₓ emissions, deposit formation, storage stability problems, faster aging of the engine oil or poor cold performance. HVO are straight chain paraffinic hydrocarbons which are free of aromatic hydrocarbons, oxygen and sulphur and have a high cetane number. In the article below, the authors conduct a comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the possibility of running compression-ignition engine on the hydro-treated vegetable oil, which is a second-generation biofuel. On its basis, the information on the assessment of emissions of selected toxic components of exhaust gases and pollutants of the injection system when the engine is powered with this type of fuel, was systematized. The article ends with conclusions from the conducted analyses.

PL

Motor Transport ISSN 1731-2795 Volume (65), Issue (1), 2022 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.8709 Hydrorafinowany olej roślinny jako potencjalne biopaliwo do zasilania silników o zapłonie samoczynnym Mieczysław Sikora mieczyslaw.sikora@pw.edu.pl Instytut Pojazdów i Maszyn Roboczych PW, Zakład Silników Spalinowych Piotr Orliński piotr.orlinski@pw.edu.pl Instytut Pojazdów i Maszyn Roboczych PW, Zakład Silników Spalinowych Jan Matej jan.matej@pw.edu.pl Instytut Pojazdów i Maszyn Roboczych PW, Zakład Pojazdów Szynowych Streszczenie: Hydrorafinacja olejów roślinnych lub tłuszczów zwierzęcych jest procesem alternatywnym do estryfikacji służącej do produkcji biodiesla. Produkty hydrorafinowane nazywane są również odnawialnymi olejami napędowymi. Hydrorafinowane oleje roślinne (HVO) nie mają szkodliwych skutków biodiesla typu FAME, takich jak zwiększona emisja NOₓ, tworzenie się osadów, problemy ze stabilnością przechowywania, szybsze starzenie się oleju silnikowego lub złe właściwości w niskich temperaturach. HVO to prostołańcuchowe węglowodory parafinowe, które są wolne od węglowodorów aromatycznych, tlenu i siarki oraz mają wysoką liczbę cetanową. W poniższym artykule autorzy dokonują kompleksowej analizy i oceny możliwości zasilania silnika o zapłonie samoczynnym hydrorafinowanym olejem roślinnym będącym biopaliwem drugiej generacji. Na jej podstawie usystematyzowano informacje dotyczące oceny emisji wybranych składników toksycznych spalin oraz zanieczyszczeń układu wtryskowego przy zasilaniu silnika tego typu paliwem. Artykuł kończą wnioski z przeprowadzonych analiz.

6

The comparative analysis of catalytic properties of Group 11 elements in NOx reduction by hydrocarbons in the presence of oxygen

Kruczyński Stanisław W., Orliński Piotr, Ślęzak Marcin

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2022

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Vol. 24, no. 1

170--176

EN

NOx emission reduction in diesel engines can be achieved by using catalytic reactors reducing nitrogen oxides, including NH3-SCR and possibly also HC-SCR reactors. Reactors using ammonia achieve large conversion rates but cause a lot of operational problems. For this reason, the interest in reactors using hydrocarbons and their derivatives to reduce NOx has increased. Such reactors are the ones using metals from Group 11 (coinage metals) such as Cu, Ag and Au placed on an Al2O3-SiO2 carrier as active materials. The article characterizes the porosity and acidity of the carrier surface. Conversion of NO2, NO and propene as well as the formation of CO and N2O depending on the temperature at constant dosing of propene on a carrier covered with Cu, Ag and Au with a metal content of 4 g/dm3 were evaluated. The results of the tests showed that the tested Group 11 elements can be the basis for further experiments related to the development of this exhaust fumes cleaning technology for diesel engines.

7

Research of Nitrogen Oxides Concentrations in Exhaust Gas of Compression Ignition Engine Fuelled with Alternative Fuel

Sikora Mieczysław, Orliński Piotr, Bednarski Mateusz

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2021

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Vol. 15, no 2

75--83

EN

The research was divided into two stages. The first stage of work was to perform empirical research using the Perkins engine. The test stand was equipped with an exhaust gas composition analyzer, a pressure sensor enabling measurement of pressure in the engine cylinder and a crankshaft position sensor. This stage of research was realized for diesel and UCOME fuel. The second stage was a simulation test. The Zeldowicz model of thermal NO formation in compression ignition engines was used for calculations. Theoretical methods were compared with the results obtained in empirical tests. It was found that the most similar results of tests when powering the engine with UCOME fuel were obtained thanks to the GRI-MECH 3.0 (GM3) method. On the basis of this method, coefficients of the reaction rate of NO formation in an internal combustion engine, which is powered by the higher generation alternative fuel (Sikora et al. (S) method) were developed. For the calculation tests the values of the experimentally determined pressures were used. The proposed method can be used in simulation tests of a diesel engine running on FAME fuels with similar physical and chemical properties as the UCOME fuel. This will significantly reduce the costs of such tests, as some empirical tests can be eliminated by the conclusions of the simulation tests.

8

Modelling Hydrocarbons Cold-Start Emission from Passenger Cars

Laskowski Piotr, Zasina Damian, Zimakowska-Laskowska Magdalena, Orliński Piotr

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2021

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Vol. 15, no 3

117--125

EN

The aim of this paper is to present the results of mathematically modelling the influence of ambient temperature on hydrocarbons (HCs, comprised of methane and non-methane volatile organic compounds) in cold-start emissions from passenger cars (PCs) for different fuel types, vehicle segments including hybrid vehicles, and the Euro standard. In this article the simulations are performed using COPERT software, assuming ambient temperatures from 20◦C to +30◦C, with 5◦C intervals. The modelling results presented show that a change in ambient temperature has a significant effect on hydrocarbons in cold-start emissions. Furthermore, our results show that hydrocarbons emissions are sensitive to ambient temperature fluctuations, and dependent on fuel type, vehicle segment, and the Euro standard.

9

Ocena teoretycznych metod wyznaczania stężenia tlenków azotu w gazach wylotowych z silnika o zapłonie samoczynnym zasilanego ciekłym paliwem alternatywnym

Sikora Mieczysław, Orliński Piotr, Bednarski Mateusz

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2020

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T. 99, nr 8

1138--1141

PL

Przeprowadzono testy symulacyjne dla oleju napędowego (ON) i estrów metylowych kwasów tłuszczowych otrzymanych ze zużytego oleju kuchennego. Podstawą obliczeń był proces termicznego tworzenia się NO zgodnie z mechanizmem Zeldowicza dla silników Diesla. Współczynniki szybkości reakcji wyznaczono metodami Baulcha, GRI-MECH 3.0 i Heywooda. Stężenie NO obliczone metodą GRI-MECH było najbliższe wynikom doświadczalnym. Metoda ta może znaleźć potencjalne zastosowanie do szacowania rzeczywistych stężeń NO powstającego w silniku spalinowym napędzanym paliwem alternatywnym i innymi paliwami wyższej generacji o podobnych właściwościach fizykochemicznych.

EN

Simulation tests were carried out for diesel oil (ON) and fatty acid Me esters obtained from used cooking oil. The calcs. were based on thermal NO formation according to the Zeldovich mechanism for diesel engines. Reaction rate coeffs. detd. by Baulch, GRI-MECH 3.0 (G) and Heywood were used. The NO concn. calcd. by method (G) was closest to the results of the exptl. detd. NO concn. and was the best method to demonstrate the actual NO concs. formed in an internal combustion engine fueled with alternative fuel and other higher generations fuels with similar phys. and chem. properties.

10

Theoretical analysis of determining the thermal efficiency in engine with Atkinson cycle

Sikora Mieczysław, Orliński Piotr, Bednarski Mateusz, Wojs Marcin K.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska

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2019

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z. 1/119

43--53

EN

In this work, the thermal efficiency in an engine with the Atkinson cycle was determined. The authorsof the work showed a significant increase in the overall efficiency of the engine operating according to the Atkinson cycle in relation to the engine working according to the Otto, Diesel and Sabathe cycles. The article presents the results of simulation studies on the efficiency of an internal combustion engine operating according to the Atkinson cycle and comparative cycles: Otto, Diesel, and Sabathe. The simulation tests were carried out taking into account the type of the theoretical working factor ofthe thermal cycles. The work has determined the degree of isobaric volume change in the Atkinson cycle and its influence on the theoretical efficiency of the cycle.

PL

W niniejszym artykule dokonano teoretycznej analizy wyznaczania sprawności ogólnej silnika cieplnego pracującego według obiegu Atkinsona. Autorzy pracy wykazali wystąpienie znaczącego wzrostu sprawności ogólnej silnika pracującego według obiegu Atkinsona w stosunku do silnika pracującego według obiegów Otto, Diesla i Sabathe’a. W artykule przedstawione zostały wyniki badań symulacyjnych dotyczących sprawności silnika spalinowego pracującego według obiegu Atkinsona oraz porównawczo obiegów: Otta, Diesla i Sabathe. Badania symulacyjne przeprowadzone zostały w uwzględnieniem rodzaju czynnika roboczego teoretycznego obiegu cieplnego. W pracy został wyznaczony stopień izobarycznej zmiany objętości w obiegu Atkinsona oraz jego wpływ na sprawność teoretyczną obiegu.

11

The legitimacy of using hybrid vehicles in urban conditions in relation to empirical studies in the WLTC cycle

Orliński Piotr, Gis Maciej, Bednarski Mateusz, Novak Nejc, Samoilenko Dmytro, Prokhorenko Andriy

Journal of Machine Construction and Maintenance - Problemy Eksploatacji

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2019

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no. 1

25--30

EN

Air pollution in cities is an increasing problem. The increased concentration of toxic harmful substances, including PM10 and PM2.5, is noticeable in the autumn and spring period. This is when the heating period begins. However, the industrial sector is not always responsible for air pollution. Transport also has its share. The share of transport depends on the terrain and buildings. The lack of proper air flow causes emitted suspended dust and other particulates to remain above the city creating smog. In Poland, there are up to 40,000 deaths per year because of PM10 and PM2.5 emissions. The same problem applies to other European cities. Therefore, it is necessary to take specific measures to limit as much as possible the emission of toxic substances. In the case of activities in the transport sector, several solutions are possible. One of them is the use of vehicles with alternative power systems. In the short-term, it is reasonable to use hybrid alternative drives. In order to verify the advantages of using vehicles with hybrid systems, the authors of the article performed comparative tests on a chassis dynamometer. The objects of the study were two vehicles - one with a classic propulsion system and the other with a hybrid system in the current WLTC homologation cycle (WLTP procedure).

PL

Zanieczyszczenie powietrza w miastach stanowi coraz większy problem. Zwiększone stężenia toksycznych szkodliwych substancji, w tym PM10 i PM2.5, jest zauważalne jesienią i wiosną. Jest to początek okresu grzewczego. Jednak sektor przemysłowy nie zawsze jest odpowiedzialny za zanieczyszczenie powietrza. Transport ma również swój udział. Udział transportu zależy od terenu i budynków. Brak odpowiedniego przepływu powietrza powoduje emisję między innymi zawieszonego pyłu, który pozostaje nad miastem, tworząc smog. W Polsce umiera do 40 000 osób rocznie z powodu PM10 i PM2,5. Ten sam problem dotyczy innych miast europejskich. Dlatego konieczne jest podjęcie szczególnych środków w celu ograniczenia w jak największym stopniu emisji toksycznych substancji. W przypadku działań w sektorze transportu możliwe są różne rozwiązania. Jednym z nich jest wykorzystanie pojazdów z alternatywnymi systemami energetycznymi. W perspektywie krótkoterminowej rozsądne jest stosowanie hybrydowych alternatywnych napędów. Aby zweryfikować zalety stosowania pojazdów z układami hybrydowymi, autorzy artykułu przeprowadzili testy porównawcze na hamowni podwoziowej. Przedmiotem badań były dwa pojazdy - jeden z klasycznym układem napędowym, a drugi z układem hybrydowym, w aktualnym cyklu homologacji WLTC (procedura WLTP).

12

The application of isodromic equation for calculation of PID-controller integrated component

Prokhorenko Andriy, Samoilenko Dmytro, Kravchenko Serhii, Orliński Piotr, Talanin Dmytro

Combustion Engines

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2019

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R. 58, nr 2

91--94

EN

A functional feature of the application of electronics used for the automatic control of internal combustion engines is necessity in the proportional conversion of ECU electrical signals into the mechanical processes based on corresponding elements motion. For such conversion of information actuating mechanisms are used, referred as actuators. Actuators in the form of electrical machines (stepper or precision electric motors) or electric apparatuses (electromagnets and solenoids) are the mostly widespread in ICE. As a physical object of the research, the unit of Heinzmann, model StG 6-02V that is based on a DC electric drive controlled by a pulse-width modulation signal, was selected in the current work. It has a toothed gearbox and a non-contact reverse positional connection. This actuator provides an output torque of 6 Nm and 36-degree range of output shaft rotational angle. The functional scheme of the electronic system of automatic control of a diesel engine based on mentioned device is developed. The PID regulator with feedback is used to control the actuator. A design formula that can be incorporated in the controller algorithm to calculate the integral component of the PID regulator was also obtained. Values of empirical coefficients were determined in this formula. The results of experimental confirmation of the correctness of the approach taken are presented. Thus, the new formula for determining the integral component of the PID regulator differs positively from the well-known solutions because the new approach is free from storing the whole array of previous data with discrepancy in the controller’s RAM, that simplifies the application of the developed algorithm greatly and speeds up the computational capability of the controller.

13

Evaluation of the effect of the addition of bioethanol to gas oil on coking diesel engine injector terminals

Orliński Piotr, Wojs Marcin K., Bednarski Mateusz, Sikora Mieczysław

Combustion Engines

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2019

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R. 58, nr 3

71--75

EN

The article presents the results of empirical research and their analysis regarding the impact of diesel oil and diesel oil mixture with bioethanol on coking the test injector nozzles of the XUD9 engine from PSA. The research included three fuel deals: diesel fuel as the base fuel and diesel oil mix with ONE10 bioethanol (10% bioethanol plus diesel oil (V/V)), ONE20 (20% bioethanol plus diesel oil (V/V)). They were conducted on the basis of CEC PF-023 developed by CEC (Coordinating European Council). Each of the abovementioned fuels was tested using a new set of injectors. The propensity of the fuel for coking the injector tips was expressed as a percentage reduction in the air flow through the nozzles of each injector for the given sheer increments. The test result was the average percentage of airflow reduction for all nozzles at 0.1 mm spike increments and was measured according to ISO 4010 "Diesel engines. Calibrating nozzle, delay pintle type”. The test results for individual atomizers of the above-mentioned test engine in the area of sediment formation from flowing fuel shown a lower tendency to coke the injectors using diesel fuel-bioethanol in comparison to the use of pure diesel oil. Based on the CEC PF-023 test, it can be noticed that the level of contamination of the tested injectors for ONE10 fuel is about 3% lower, and for ONE20 fuel is about 4% lower than the level of pollution for diesel fuel.