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Propylene Glycol Dinitrate (PGDN) as an Explosive Taggant

Fettaka H., Lefebvre M. H.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2016

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Vol. 13, no. 3

627--640

EN

Propylene Glycol Dinitrate (PGDN) is a liquid nitrate ester explosive which has been used as a gelatinating agent in some energetic formulations. The aim of the present work was to assess whether PGDN could be used as a detection taggant. The PGDN was synthesized in the laboratory using laboratory grade propylene glycol (PG). The purity of the synthesized PGDN was assessed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). A study of the thermal decomposition of PGDN was carried out using both DSC and thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry analysis (TG/MS) methods. The gases produced during thermal decomposition were identified by mass spectrometry and the influence of the heating rate was investigated. The duality of DSC-TGA was highlighted by studying the complementarity between these two methods. Vapour pressure and enthalpy of vaporisation of PGDN were considered as the foremost taggant characteristics, and were estimated using TGA and taking benzoic acid as the reference. The vapour pressure of PGDN at ambient temperature is 2.54 Pa, therefore the PGDN could be a good candidate as a detection taggant compared to other explosive taggants (Nitroglycerin, EGDN, DMNB and PDCB).

2

E-Smoking Liquids as Precursors for Liquid Nitroesters

Fettaka H., Lefebvre M. H.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2016

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Vol. 13, no. 1

199--216

EN

Currently, E-smoking cigarettes are widely used and occur within all classes of society. This work investigated the use of E-smoking liquids for the synthesis of Nitroglycerin (NG) and 1,2-Propylene Glycol Dinitrate (PGDN), both considered as nitroester liquid high explosives. Two kinds of E-smoking liquids (10 mL) were investigated: nicotine free and with nicotine (10 mg/mL). Quantitative analysis of the glycerin and propylene glycol (PG) present in the E-smoking liquids was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), with calculation of the accuracy and precision parameters. The percentage of glycerin was (10-13 wt.%) and percentage of propylene glycol was (40-70 wt.%) The synthesis of pure NG and pure PGDN were performed with laboratory grade glycerin and propylene glycol and compared to the samples obtained from the E-smoking liquid. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was used for the determination of the activation energy and the heat of decomposition for each synthesized explosive, using the Ozawa and Kissinger models. The brisance index was assessed by the witness plate test and compared with some conventional explosives (TNT and C4). Finally, the influence of nicotine (less than 2 wt.%) on the synthetic process and the detonic properties of the explosive mixture was studied.

3

Ethylene Glycol Dinitrate (EGDN): from Commercial Precursors, Physicochemical and Detonation Characterization

Fettaka H., Lefebvre M.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2015

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Vol. 12, no. 2

287--305

EN

Currently, liquid explosives pose a potential threat. An important phase in the assessment of this threat is to investigate the various synthesis paths leading to their manufacture and to evaluate the potential use of readily purchasable precursors. The aim of this work was to assess the synthesis of Ethylene Glycol Dinitrate (EGDN), a liquid nitrate ester explosive, using commercially available precursors. The characteristics of the synthetic process (ease, yield), the chemical properties of the synthesized product (purity, spectra) and its explosive properties (sensitivities, detonability) were investigated. Comparisons are drawn between these products and the product obtained using laboratory ingredients. Three ingredients have been used: 1) ethylene glycol, laboratory grade, 2) ready to use, commercial coolant fluid, and 3) ethylene glycol extracted from commercial coolant fluid. The chemical composition and purity of the synthesized liquid explosive was analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS), and infrared spectroscopy (IR). Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) analysis allowed the heat of decomposition and activation energies to be assessed. The Ozawa and Kissinger models were used. The explosive properties of the pure synthesized products and comparable other explosives, have been tested. The potential use as a priming charge or as a main charge was assessed.