Internet of Things can ensure easy and comfortable life of the human. This present era is mostly digitized and appliances can be operated remotely by human, calling these as smart devices, smart home, smart city etc. This paper is the literature review covering the IoT applications in various fields, sectors such as smart cities and homes, health center, railway system, air pollution in environment, power/energy sector, agriculture, water monitoring for aquaculture,Space-IoT and specifies the advancements in those areas.
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Internet Rzeczy może zapewnić człowiekowi łatwe i wygodne życie. Ta obecna era jest w większości zdigitalizowana, a urządzenia mogą być obsługiwane zdalnie przez człowieka, nazywając je inteligentnymi urządzeniami, inteligentnym domem, inteligentnym miastem itp. Niniejszy artykuł jest przeglądem literatury obejmującej zastosowania IoT w różnych dziedzinach, sektorach, takich jak inteligentne miasta i domy, ośrodek zdrowia, sieć kolejowa, zanieczyszczenie powietrza w środowisku, energetyka/energetyka, rolnictwo, monitoring wód dla akwakultury, Space-IoT i określa postęp w tych obszarach.
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A solar cell is technically known as a photovoltaic device which converts light energy into an electric energy by the phenomenon called photovoltaic effect. Solar cells produce renewable energy and serve as a great substitute for conventional sources of energy such as petroleum, coal and natural gas. Solar cell is suitable for powering satellites due to its light weight and durability for several years, having ability to operate even in the vacuum space. It is also used in solar warm air electric power plants and every other PV powered devices ranging from heating systems, lighting, automobile to solar updraft towers and etc. It is of utmost demand to support research and development of renewable energy resources that would successfully power the world in the future without destroying the environment as the planet earth needs reduction in greenhouse gas emission. Immense progress has been observed over the years on several photovoltaic materials and devices based on conversion efficiencies.. This survey primarily focusses on different techniques and technologies analysed from the other cited references to enhance the working of a solar cell like selection of the most suitable material for each layer, various processing techniques and modifying the layer thickness of buffer. This review paper summarizes solar cell materials like Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), Silicon (Si), Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se2) (CIGS) and Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) that provide higher efficiencies when compared to other materials. In summation, it is understood that Gallium Arsenide solar cell provides highest efficiency when compared to Si, CIGS and CdTe based one junction solar cell. Factors such as, efficiency (ƞ), open circuit voltage (Voc), short circuit current density (Jsc) & fill factor (FF) have been analysed for the study of modeling, simulation and fabrication of solar cell. Detailed survey has been presented in this paper on different types of solar cells that would help the researchers to do more research on these solar cells.
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W artykule dokonao przeglądu i porównania różnych technologgi ogniw fotowoltaicznych. Przedstawiono ogniwa krzemowe, ogniwa bazujące na CdTe i CIGS oraz ogniwa bazujące na Gallium Arsenide (GaAs). W każdej grupie przedstawiono i porównano osiągane obecnie parametry I właściwości.
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