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Badanie szybkości degradacji warstw ochronnych styków na podstawie analizy widm łuku elektrycznego

Karwat C., Kolasik M., Kozak M., Żukowski P., Shnip A.

Mechanizacja i Automatyzacja Górnictwa

2005

R. 43, nr 7

105-107

W artykule przedstawiono sposób określania pierwiastków wchodzących w skład powłoki ochronnej styków łączników za pomocą spektrofotometru oraz wyznaczanie szybkości zużycia warstwy przypowierzchniowej na podstawie zmian natężeń ich linii widmowych.

A manner for determination of elements being included in protective layers of contacts by means of spectrophotometer as well as determination of wear rate of surface layer based on changes of intensity of spectral lines of elements have been presented in the paper.

Storage functionals and Lyapunov functions for passive dynamical systems

Borukhov V., Shnip A., Zelenyak D.

Systems Science

2001

Vol. 27, nr 2

27-35

For nonlinear time-invariant input-output dynamical systems the passivity conditions are obtained under some restrictions. The conditions imply storage functions satisfying dissipation inequality. A class of storage functions allowing unique reconstruction of a passive dynamical system is defined. These results are illustrated by an example of a linear system with fading memory. An important, for practical application, class of the linear relaxation systems without direct input-output interaction is considered. A new necessary condition for dynamical systems to be of the relaxation type is obtained for this class. The condition is connected with the existence of a unique quadratic Lyapunov function satisfying the complete monotonicity condition. This unique Lyapunov function corresponds to a "standard" thermodynamic potential in a compact family of potentials in the non-equilibrium thermodynamics. The results obtained can be useful in automatic control, mechanics of viscoelastic materials, and various applications in physics and the system theory.