This study is based on a 50-year data series (1964-2013) of total solar radiation (G) from the Kołobrzeg – station that is located on the Polish Baltic Sea coast and is characterised by a very high level of air quality. To find and remove gross errors, quality control checking procedures were applied in this study. Additionally, the homogeneity of the G series in this study has been tested on a monthly basis by using of the Standard Normal Homogeneity Test for single shifts. We found a statistically non-significant decrease in G during the period from 1964 to 2013. The decrease in the 5-year mean total solar radiation is evident from the beginning of the 1980s, with the minimum mean value occurring in the second half of the 1990s, while G slightly increased from the early 2000s. The analysis of seasonal G patterns shows that total solar radiation in summer is the most similar to the annual pattern and only the summer series trend shows a statistically significant decrease in G. We have also found two noticeable tendencies in monthly anomalies of G over the studied decades; they are negative trends in May and August. The shape of the decadal daily G histogram remained unchanged during the analysed decades.
The study presents measurement results of the concentration of total gaseous mercury (TGM) in the atmospheric air of 2010–2011 coming from the only measurement station in the Mazovia Province, the Granica-KPN station (λE 20°27'20" φN 52°◦17'09.088"). A series of measurement results of mercury concentration was used to estimate the model which identifies the influence of chosen measurement results, both imission and meteorological ones, on concentrations of gaseous mercury in the atmospheric air. Due to the number of measurements limited to 2 years, the study made an attempt to perform an initial evaluation of seasonal factors. The analyses used included: the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and a path for the Generalised Regression Model (GRM). Average concentration of TGM in 2010–2011 amounted to 1.52 ng m-3 which is very close to the background values obtained in other European countries. Seasonal dependence of TGM concentration was observed; in the cold half-year the TGM concentration was higher compared to the summer season. The obtained results of identifying the PCA and GRM models enable presenting the following synthetic, final conclusions: The employed models of PCA and GRM show that key factors which shape mercury concentration are the following: suspended dust PM10, gaseous pollutants: SO2 and NO2, and meteorological parameters: air temperature, relative humidity of air and solar radiation intensity. The index of the phenomenon, i.e. the first principal component, identifies this relationship as the strongest and most significant, but it is worth noting that there occurs inversely proportional influence of air temperature and solar radiation intensity. The GRM model shows the occurrence of seasonality in monthly periods and in total as an interaction of the year and the months, which is further confirmed in the PCA model through “distribution” of the effect of specific factors over successive principal components. Ozone, for instance, is connected with the first three components to a different degree (-0.6 with Component 1, 0.3 with Component 2 and 0.62 with Component 3) and not with the first or only one of the components. The PCA model is a linear relationship within each component separately and the relationships, being orthogonal to each other, account for successive parts of the total variance. The variables: ozone, wind velocity and atmospheric pressure are not related to the index of the phenomenon, i.e. to the first component. They are related to next principal components, which may prove a strong irregularity of the relationships or the occurrence of seasonality. To build the model, the study used data from a period of two years: 2010 and 2011. It does not give a sufficient number of observations for stable identification of seasonality (at least 5 repetitive periods) and further correlations of factors, i.e. successive principal components. Those components may indicate not so much the absence of measurement correlations with mercury, but a non-linear character or a strong dependence on various seasonal influences, such as yearly, seasonal or monthly fluctuations.
3
Dostęp do pełnego tekstu na zewnętrznej witrynie WWW
Precipitation data and observations, collected in the period 1961-2010 at Ursynów-SGGW meteorological station, were the basic material for the research on the variability of precipitation and the occurrence of precipitation anomalies in the southern districts of Warsaw. That data was as well essential for the estimation of the influence of urbanization growth on precipitation phenomena. The Ursynów-SGGW station (λE 21º02’52’’, φN 52º09’38’’, latitude 102.5 m a.s.l.) is representative for significantly urbanized areas of the southern Warsaw, and the precipitation data of that station were compared with the data of Warsaw-Okęcie station, which is located within the distance of 6 km from the Ursynów-SGGW station, in the areas which have not undergone major urban growth. The research was performed by applying general climatological methodology, that is, the courses of monthly precipitation for a long-term period were examined, the precipitation frequencies were calculated, their differentiation in a year was estimated and finally the variability coefficient of yearly precipitation totals was analyzed along with the linear trend of yearly precipitation. Proper classification of daily, monthly and yearly precipitation was performed by applying the criteria of Olechnowicz-Bobrowska (1970), Kaczorowska (1962) and Mrugała (2000). The analyses of a 50-year period of precipitation data for Ursynów SGGW station proved the increase of precipitation totals since mid 1990s until the present times, for which the evidence is given by statistically significant trend of yearly precipitation totals and that trend is considerably higher than the trend given in other research concerning the second half of the XX century (Kożuchowski, 2004). The variability coefficient of yearly precipitation totals for the period 1961-2010 was equal to 20.9 %. and the highest precipitation variability was found in October and the lowest in March. The mean value of days with precipitation higher than 0.1 mm reached 143 in the analysed period. Maximum number of those days reached 203 in 2009, while in 1982 the minimum was equal to 99 days. In the course of precipitation throughout an year, the numbers of days with a very low precipitation (0.1-1 mm) and with a low precipitation (1.1-. 5 mm) were relatively similar in all months, except for the winter period, for which these numbers were a little higher. Most seldom were the days with a high (20.1-30 mm) and a very high precipitation (>30 mm). Precipitation totals higher than >30 mm occurred only in the summer period. The number of days with precipitation is characterized by an increasing trend in the analyzed period. The comparison of precipitation values for Ursynów and Okęcie stations, in the periods reflecting a rural use of Ursynów station surroundings, and in the periods of urbanization growth of that districts, and finally during considerable development of WULS campus, provides evidence for the increase of precipitation as a result of progressing city urbanization.
PL
Obserwacje i dane opadowe, zebrane w latach 1961-2010 na stacji meteorologicznej Ursynów-SGGW, były podstawowym materiałem do badań nad zmiennością opadów atmosferycznych i występowaniem anomalii opadów w południowych dzielnicach Warszawy. Były one również podstawą do oceny wpływu wzrostu urbanizacji na zjawiska atmosferyczne. Stacja Ursynów-SGGW (λE 21 º 02’52 „, φN 52 º 09’38’’, wysokość 102,5 m n.p.m.) jest reprezentatywna dla obecnie silnie zurbanizowanych obszarów południowej Warszawy, a dane opadowe z tej stacji zostały porównane z danymi od stacji Warszawa-Okęcie, która znajduje się w odległości 6 km od stacji Ursynów-SGGW na obszarze, który nie został poddany tak silnej presji urbanizacyjnej, zachowując prawie naturalny charakter. Badania przeprowadzono stosując ogólne metody klimatyczne, tzn. przeanalizowano przebiegi miesięcznych sum opadów, zbadano częstości sum opadów, obliczono ich różnicowanie w roku obliczono współczynnik zmienności rocznych sum opadów oraz oszacowano liniowy trend opadów rocznych. Klasyfikację opadów miesięcznych i rocznych przeprowadzono stosując kryteria Olechnowicz-Bobrowskiej (1970), Kaczorowskiej (1962) i Mrugały (2000). Analizy 50-letniego okresu danych opadowych stacji SGGW-Ursynów wykazały wzrost sum opadów atmosferycznych od połowy lat 1990. aż do czasów obecnych, czego dowodem jest statystycznie istotna tendencja sum opadów rocznych. Trend ten jest znacznie większy niż trendy otrzymane w innych badaniach dotyczących opadów w drugiej połowie XX wieku (Kożuchowski, 2004). Współczynnik zmienności rocznych sum opadów atmosferycznych w latach 1961-2010 był równy 20,9%. Największa zmienność opadów została stwierdzona w październiku, a najmniejsza w marcu. Średnia wartość liczby dni z opadem powyżej 0,1 mm w analizowanym okresie wyniosła 143, a maksymalna osiągnęła 203 w 2009 r., minimalna w 1982 r. wynosiła 99 dni. W przebiegu rocznym, liczby dni z bardzo niskimi opadami (0,1-1 mm) i niskimi opadami (1,1-5 mm) były stosunkowo podobne we wszystkich miesiącach, z wyjątkiem okresu zimowego, w którym były nieco wyższe. Rzadziej występowały wysokie opady (20,1-30 mm) i bardzo wysokie (>30 mm). Sumy opadu powyżej >30 mm wystąpiły tylko w okresie letnim. Liczba dni z opadami charakteryzuje się tendencją wzrostową w badanym okresie. Porównanie wartości opadów na stacjach Ursynów i Okęcie w okresach, gdy teren w okolicach Ursynowa miał charakter wiejski i był rolniczo wykorzystany oraz w okresach wzrostu urbanizacji w dzielnicy, a w końcu w okresie, w którym nastąpił znaczny rozwój kampusu SGGW, dostarcza dowodów na zwiększenie opadów atmosferycznych w wyniku postępującej urbanizacji miasta.
4
Dostęp do pełnego tekstu na zewnętrznej witrynie WWW
W pracy przeanalizowano miesięczne sumy opadów zmierzone na stacji Ursynów-SGGW w latach 1960-2009. Obliczono współczynnik zmienności rocznych sum opadów oraz zbadano ich trend liniowy. Zastosowano metodę Kaczorowskiej do klasyfikacji miesięcy i lat pod względem ilości opadu. Szczegółowej analizie poddano również maksima dobowe opadów w latach 1980-2009. Obliczono m.in. prawdopodobieństwo występowania maksimów dobowych w różnych przedziałach wielkości oraz w różnych porach roku.
EN
In this paper, monthly precipitation sums, measured at Ursynów-WULS station in the period 1960-2009 were analysed. The coefficient of the variability of yearly precipitation sums was calculated and the linear trend of yearly precipitation sums was examined. The method of Kaczorowska (1962) was applied to classify months and years in respect of precipitation quantity. A detailed analysis was performed also on daily maximum precipitation sums for years 1980-2009. The probability of maximum daily precipitation occurrence was calculated for various intervals of the precipitation and for different seasons of the year.
5
Dostęp do pełnego tekstu na zewnętrznej witrynie WWW
Dolina Biebrzy jest jednym z najcenniejszych obszarów wodno-błotnych w Polsce, miejscem występowania rzadkich, często zagrożonych gatunków roślin i zwierząt. Szczególnym miejscem jest dolina dolnej Biebrzy - uważana za najbardziej naturalny obszar, z zachowanymi siedliskami bagiennymi - torfowiska biebrzańskie w przeciwieństwie do podobnych obszarów na naszym kontynencie zostały osuszone tu tylko na niewielkim odcinku. Ważnym elementem ochrony tych obszarów jest poznanie bilansu wodnego, który przez proces parowania związany jest z bilansem cieplnym powierzchni czynnej. W ten sposób badania nad bilansem cieplnym pozwolą na wykorzystanie danych np. w badaniach modelowych uwzględniających ewapotranspirację. W pracy zaprezentowano metodykę rozpoczętych właśnie badań bilansu cieplnego powierzchni ekosystemów łąkowych w dolinie dolnej Biebrzy. Automatyczny system pomiarowy zaprojektowany i wykonany w Zakładzie Meteorologii i Klimatologii SGGW wyposażony został w następujące czujniki: saldometr - pomiar salda promieniowania, płytki glebowe - pomiary gęstości strumienia ciepła glebowego, anemometr ultradźwiękowy - pozwalający na bezpośrednie pomiary gęstości strumienia ciepła jawnego przy zastosowaniu metody kowariancji wirów. Dodatkowo system został wyposażony w dwa elektroniczne termohigrometry, które pozwalają na oszacowanie wielkości strumienia ciepła utajonego z wykorzystaniem metody stosunku Bowena.
EN
The Biebrza River valley is the most valuable wetland’s complex in Poland. The biodiversity of endangered plants and animals observed in this region is outstanding. The lower river valley is considered as one of the most natural wetland area in Europe since, only small reach of this valley was drained. The conservation of this valuable object depends also on maintaining of high soil moisture, therefore the knowledge about the water balance dynamic of this ecosystem seems to be crucial. The evaporation process is a common element of both water and heat cycles thus wetland surface heat balance studies will be helpful for modeling of local hydrological conditions. The paper presents the methodology of grassland ecosystem heat balance structure research which have just started at the Biebrza River valley. The automatic measurement system was developed at the Division of Meteorology and Climatology, and it is consisted of net radiometer - net radiation measurement, heat flux plates - soil heat flux density measurement, 3D sonic anemometer used for direct measurement of sensible heat fl ux (eddy covariance approach). Two thermohygrometers were installed additionally, which allow to estimate the latent heat flux density using the Bowen ratio method.
6
Dostęp do pełnego tekstu na zewnętrznej witrynie WWW
This work shows description of the state of air pollution by sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide in different air mass on Ursynów WULS station. There are two main purposes in this work. First purpose is to calculate the value of SO2 and NO2 concentration in station Ursynów WULS in dependence on inflowing air mass. Second purpose is to calculate the relations between concentration of SO2 and NO2 in the air and some basic meteorological elements such as air temperature and relative humidity, wind velocity and rain fall. The studies covered the period of April 2001 to September 2006.
7
Dostęp do pełnego tekstu na zewnętrznej witrynie WWW
WZ index is an aggregated indicator of air pollution, that encompasses the joint impact of various meteorological elements on pollution (sulphur dioxide) concentration level. Following meteorological elements were taken into account: mean daily air temperature, wind speed at the height of 10 m above the ground level at the time 12 UTC, precipitation, atmospheric air pressure and existence of lower inversion layer. The most often the maxima of WZ index correlate in time with appearance of maxima in air pollution in Decembers, Januaries and Februaries.
8
Dostęp do pełnego tekstu na zewnętrznej witrynie WWW
In this paper the method of the identification of sulphur dioxide inflow direction has been presented. This method is based on the circular graphs of percentiles (50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, 98) of sulphur dioxide concentration from measuring station in WAU campus. The measuring data of wind velocity and wind direction from this automatic station have been used to prepare 3D-roses of pollution.
9
Dostęp do pełnego tekstu na zewnętrznej witrynie WWW
The following characteristics were elaborated: mean of sulphur dioxide concentration dependently on the kind of air inflow in winter half period, regression equations between sulphur dioxide concentration and meteorological parameters and correlation coefficients of these equations.
10
Dostęp do pełnego tekstu na zewnętrznej witrynie WWW
Mean monthly values of maximum and minimum air temperature have biggest variability in summer (about 10°C) and lowest in winter (about 5°C). Variability of absolute extreme monthly air temperature is biggest in winter (in February 46.1°C) and lowest in summer (in July 29.9°C). In October mean monthly air temperature has negative value of skewness but absolute maximum air temperature at this time is high (26.2°C). Relative variability of precipitation is even in all months of year. Relative variability of precipitation is very similar for all months of the year.
11
Dostęp do pełnego tekstu na zewnętrznej witrynie WWW
The research was realized in the period from October 1997 to December 2002. The following characteristics were worked out: mean values of sulphur dioxide concentration response to wind velocity and wind direction and wind rose of air pollution for summer half - year period and winter half-year period. The highest rnean annual sulphur dioxide concentration were observed in atmospheric calm and in the period of wind velocity (0,1-2,0 m·s-1) and at the inflow of air from south and south-west. The lowest mean annual sulphur dioxide concentration were observed at the flow of air from west.
12
Dostęp do pełnego tekstu na zewnętrznej witrynie WWW
Modern methods allows accurately analysis of quality and quantity of particulate matter suspended in the air. Measurement particulate matter PM10 was done in Ursynów-WAU since January 2002 by the use of dust sampler. Ana ysis of the results shows permissible level D24 was excced 8 times in the period since January to December 2002. Th e most high concentrations was recorded during inflow northen and western air masses.
13
Dostęp do pełnego tekstu na zewnętrznej witrynie WWW
The paper aimed at finding out relation between SO2 concentration and meteorological elements in summer months. The results of stepwise multiple regression show, that sulphur dioxide concentration is mostly dependent on the air humidity and wind velocity. In summer months decrease of SO2 concentration accompanies increase of air humidity and wind velocity.
14
Dostęp do pełnego tekstu na zewnętrznej witrynie WWW
The paper aimed at finding out the relation between SO2 concentration and air temperature in winter months. The connection between air temperature and sulphur dioxide concentration is related to the temperature value. Decrease of air temperature accompanies inerease of SO2 concentration (the air temperature below -5°C). At the air temperature more than -5°C increase of air temperature accompanies inerease of sulphur dioxide concentration.
JavaScript jest wyłączony w Twojej przeglądarce internetowej. Włącz go, a następnie odśwież stronę, aby móc w pełni z niej korzystać.