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Micro-scale environmental gradients and habitat heterogeneity shape plant biodiversity in mosaic landscapes

Sender Joanna

Polish Journal of Ecology

2025

Vol. 73, nr 1-2

1--20

Habitat heterogeneity and fine-scale environmental gradients are key drivers of plant biodiversity in mosaic landscapes. I examined how small-scale habitat structure and neighbouring land use influence plant communities within meadow plots bordered by forest, shrubland, fallow land, or orchard. Using a nested quadrat design (1 m2, 5 m2, 25 m2), I assessed species richness, Shannon–Wiener diversity, and environmental conditions at multiple spatial scales. Plots adjacent to structurally complex habitats (forest or shrubland) supported higher species diversity (Shannon), whereas species richness increased mainly with quadrat size and showed mixed patterns among plots. Smaller quadrats also captured greater fine-scale variation, particularly in vegetation structure and species turnover, while microclimatic gradients in light and soil moisture strongly influenced diversity patterns. Moist, partially shaded plots supported the highest diversity, whereas open, high-light sites were dominated by a few heliophilous species. Among Ellenberg indicators, soil moisture values showed the strongest positive relationship with diversity, while other factors remained relatively stable; only fertility values declined slightly between years. These findings demonstrate that even in very small patches, subtle within-plot gradients can function as fine-scale analogues of habitat transition zones. Conserving structurally heterogeneous habitats and the fine-scale gradients they generate is crucial for maintaining species-rich and functionally diverse plant communities in fragmented landscapes.

Influence of temperature and photoperiod on the growth and development of Lemna trisulca and Lemna minor in controlled conditions

Sender Joanna, Grzywna Antoni

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2025

Vol. 26, nr 2

56--72

The aim of the study was to analyze the growth and development of two species of duckweed: Lemna minor and Lemna trisulca under different combinations of temperature (15–25 °C) and photoperiod (12–24 hours), while controlling physicochemical parameters such as electrical conductivity, pH, and oxygen content. The plants were placed in synthetic nitrogen medium, and their growth was monitored for 40 days. Statistical methods, including analysis of variance (ANOVA) and principal component analysis (PCA), were used for data analysis. The results showed that both species grow better at higher temperatures (25 °C) and longer photoperiods (24 hours). Lemna minor achieved higher surface coverage up to 58.4% and biomass over 1.44 g fresh weight under optimal conditions (25 °C and a 12-hour photoperiod), indicating its high efficiency in utilizing favourable conditions. Lemna trisulca, on the other hand, showed a more stable increase in biomass (1.03 g fresh weight) and cover 45.8% under its extreme conditions (15 °C and 12-hour photoperiod). Regarding adaptation to changing physicochemical conditions, Lemna minor responded better to favourable parameters, achieving higher growth rates under optimal pH 6.05 and electrical conductivity 31.6 μS/cm, while Lemna trisulca showed stable growth even in more variable conditions, with minimal decrease in growth under higher conductivity (583 μS/cm) and lower pH (6.96). The research findings reveal that Lemna minor is more competitive under optimal conditions, which may result from its more efficient use of available resources. Its rapid growth makes it particularly valuable in bioremediation, while Lemna trisulca may cope better with variable aquatic conditions. The conclusions emphasize the adaptive differences between the two species, which is significant for managing aquatic ecosystems. Lemna minor is suitable for stable environments, whereas Lemna trisulca finds applications in more variable conditions, indicating their diverse potential uses in environmental protection and bioremediation. These studies provide important data on the adaptive capabilities of duckweed, which is essential for effective management of aquatic ecosystems.