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1
Content available remote Analysis of harmful compounds concentrations in the exhaust behind a vehicle with compression ignition engine
Kamińska Michalina, Szymlet Natalia, Fuć Paweł, Rymaniak Łukasz, Lijewski Piotr, Grzeszczyk Rafał
Combustion Engines
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2024
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R. 63, nr 2
50--55
EN
The article presents issues related to the assessment of concentrations of harmful substances in the exhaust gas cloud behind a compression-ignition passenger vehicle. The introduction describes issues related to the impact of air pollution on the environment and on human health and life expectancy. The article presents exhaust gas dispersion tests behind the vehicle were carried out both in stationary conditions (a specially prepared laboratory stand) and in real operating conditions. PEMS testing equipment was used for this type of measurements. During the measurements, concentrations of harmful exhaust gas compounds were analyzed in relation to the distance of the measuring probe from the exhaust system. In stationary conditions, the influence of the engine speed on the dispersion of pollutants was also studied. The tests carried out show that the concentrations obtained behind a moving vehicle significantly decrease with the distance of the measuring probe, and their dispersion is much smaller in most cases than in the case of stationary tests. This is the basis for recognizing that thanks to this, it is possible to analyze the concentrations obtained and conduct tests using the emission gate.
2
Content available Measurement of Exhaust Emissions from a Two-Wheeler – an Experimental Validation of the Remote-Sensing Method
Rymaniak Łukasz, Mąka Monika, Szymlet Natalia, Kamińska Michalina, Kęska Aleksandra
Journal of Ecological Engineering
|
2023
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Vol. 24, nr 12
60--71
EN
The paper presents the problem of testing vehicles, which are some of the main sources of air pollution. The authors suggested the remote-sensing method as a tool for the measurement of the vehicle exhaust emissions and an on-going control thereof. This is an economical solution that allows measuring a large number of vehicles in a short time. The presented work aims at an experimental validation of the measurement method of exhaust emissions on the example of a two-wheeler. To that end, two parallel laboratory tests were carried out: measurement of the exhaust emissions obtained directly from the tailpipe using the PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement System) equipment and from the exhaust cloud, utilizing a module emission gate. A significant mutual correlation of the results confirms the efficiency of the method. The highest value of the coefficient of determination was obtained for the CO2, PM and NO analyzers. Different orders of values were primarily caused by the dissipation of the exhaust gas and the influence of the ambient conditions on the measurement process. Further works are therefore necessary to allow an assessment of the actual measurement uncertainty of the equipment irrespective ofthe fueling system and type of vehicles.
3
Content available Research of ecological indicators of two-way vehicle in stationary conditions
Kamińska Michalina, Andrzejewski Maciej, Daszkiewicz Paweł
Combustion Engines
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2022
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R. 61, nr 1
30--34
EN
The presented article concerns the research on the emission of pollutants of a rail-road tractor in two stationary research tests. The purpose of the tests was to carry out control tests of pollutant emissions and their analysis. The object used during the works was approved in accordance with the Stage V standard, which requires measurements of emissivity both in stationary, dynamic and real conditions. Despite the requirement to test engines installed on a vehicle during their normal duty cycle with PEMS, the emission limits measured in this test have not yet been defined. Therefore, the work below focuses on the stationary test cycle. The measurements were carried out in accordance with the internal combustion engine operating points described in the approval test, and then compared with the modernized NRSC test. It contains modified measuring points and rotational speeds of the crankshaft, adopted on the basis of the most common operating parameters of agricultural tractor combustion engines in real operating conditions. The measurements were performed with the use of a mobile dynamometer and devices for measuring emissions of harmful exhaust gas compounds and recording on-board data. In the performed test, the vehicle drive system worked at fixed operating points, with defined values of crankshaft rotational speed and load. Based on the recorded data on the concentrations of pollutants in the exhaust gases, the unit emission of the tested object was determined. In the final stage of the work, these data were used to perform a comparative analysis with the emission limits contained in the standard.
4
Content available Measurement of rail vehicles exhaust emissions
Kamińska Michalina, Kołodziejek Daniel, Szymlet Natalia, Fuć Paweł, Grzeszczyk Rafał
Combustion Engines
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2022
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R. 61, nr 2
10--17
EN
The basic problem in terms of measuring exhaust emissions is the approval tests of traction vehicles, which are carried out on engine dynamometers. Therefore, it is impossible to obtain reliable results concerning their actual impact on the natural environment. It is therefore advisable to carry out the tests in real operation conditions, as is the case for road vehicles for which RDE (Real Driving Emissions) tests are carried out. The latest Stage V emission standards push for the introduction of this type of test, but no limit values for toxic exhaust gases have been established and no test guidelines have been defined for assessing actual emissions. This article describes the issues related to the legislative guidelines for non-road vehicles in force in Europe, as well as the measurement tools used, such as mobile equipment for measuring emissions of PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement Systems) and newly developed emission gates. Additionally, the paper presents examples of locomotive exhaust emission tests in real operating conditions. The aim of the measurements was to assess the emission of toxic compounds against the relevant standards. The subject of the research was a diesel locomotive type T448.P equipped with a modernized internal combustion engine.
5
Content available Determining if Exhaust Emission From Light Duty Vehicle During Acceleration on The Basis of On-Road Measurements and Simulations
Nowak Mateusz, Kamińska Michalina, Szymlet Natalia
Journal of Ecological Engineering
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2021
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Vol. 22, nr 10
63--72
EN
Vehicle exhaust emissions depend on multiple factors, such as the emission norm, driving parameters (speed, acceleration) or the technical condition of the vehicle. These driving parameters may often depend on the condition of the road infrastructure and other factors influencing road conditions. The article attempted to assess the emissivity during acceleration of a vehicle powered by a compression ignition engine. Mapping the actual values is possible with the use of exhaust emission measurement equipment that operates under the actual operating conditions of a vehicle. Recently, an increase in the use of simulation methods in research of this type has been observed. The authors decided to check the suitability of using road traffic simulation software to estimate the CO2 emissions during vehicle acceleration. The obtained results are promising, because in terms of the emissions of the analyzed exhaust gas component, the simulation results differed from the results obtained during measurements with the use of Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS) equipment by less than ±20%.
6
Content available Use of emission indicators related to CO2 emissions in the ecological assessment of an agricultural tractor
Rymaniak Łukasz, Merkisz Jerzy, Szymlet Natalia, Kamińska Michalina, Weymann Sylwester
Eksploatacja i Niezawodność
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2021
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Vol. 23, no. 4
605--611
EN
The paper presents the proposed proprietary M exhaust emission indicator, which is based on the assumption that CO2 emissions are a measure of the correctness of the combustion process. The measurements were performed using a farm tractor meeting the Tier 3 emission norm, operated in real conditions during plowing work. The tests were carried out for a given land section at three speeds In the analysis of test results, the net engine work was used, as it is carried out in the type approval procedures. When measuring in real operating conditions, the torque read from the OBD system is overstated because it takes into account the engine’s internal resistance. In the analysis of test results, the fuel consumption, emission indicators of gaseous compounds and particulates were determined, and the best conditions for conducting agricultural works were indicated in terms of their impact on the natural environment. The aim of the work is to verify the possibility of determining the emission index for an off-road vehicle and a comparative analysis of its values for various operating parameters of a farm tractor. On this basis, it was found that the lowest values of the M identity were recorded for the test characterized by a vehicle speed of 15 km/h.
7
Content available Use of toxicity indicators related to CO2 emissions in the ecological assessment of an two-wheel vehicle
Szymlet Natalia, Kamińska Michalina, Lijewski Piotr, Rymaniak Łukasz, Tutak Przemysław
Combustion Engines
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2021
|
R. 60, nr 4
36--41
EN
The subject of the article is proposed proprietary M toxicity indicator, which is based on the assumption that CO2 emissions are a measure of the correctness of the combustion process. For this purpose, gaseous exhaust compounds such as hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide were measured and analyzed. The test object was a motorcycle, equipped with an gasoline engine with a displacement of 0.7 dm3 and a maximum power of 55 kW. The tests were carried out using the PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement System) AxionR/S+. The exhaust emissions measurement was done in line with the WMTC (World Motorcycles Test Cycle) certification test, dedicated to vehicles in this category. The test consists of three parts, each of them lasts 600 s and has a different maximum speed value. The test was performed on a single-roller chassis dynamometer, designed for testing two-wheeled vehicles. The toxicity indicators and rotation speed results were presented as a function of time.
8
Content available Tests of ecological indicators of two-way vehicles meeting Stage IIIB and Stage IV standards in real operating conditions
Merkisz Jerzy, Rymaniak Łukasz, Lijewski Piotr, Kamińska Michalina, Kurc Beata
Pojazdy Szynowe
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2020
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Nr 1
1--9
EN
The article presents the tests and analysis of ecological indicators of two rail-road tractors carried out during the real operation. The conditions of tests and vehicle constructions were characterized by the similar parameters, while the objects met the different exhaust gas emission standards: Stage IIIB and Stage IV. Apparatus from the PEMS group was used in the tests. In the analysis of ecological indicators, the unit emission of harmful gaseous compounds and particulates was determined. The supplementation is the assessment of toxicity indicators, which are the reference of individual compounds to CO2 emission. More favourable ecological characteristics were obtained by a vehicle meeting the newer exhaust gas emission standard, which resulted mainly from the use of advanced exhaust gas treatment systems in its construction.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano badania i analizę wskaźników ekologicznych dwóch ciągników szynowo-drogowych zrealizowane podczas rzeczywistej eksploatacji. Warunki testów i konstrukcje pojazdów charakteryzowały się zbliżonymi parametrami, przy czym obiekty spełniały odmienne normy emisji spalin: Stage IIIB i Stage IV. W badaniach zastosowano aparaturę z grupy PEMS. W analizie wskaźników ekologicznych wyznaczono jednostkową emisję szkodliwych związków gazowych i cząstek stałych. Uzupełnienie stanowi ocena wskaźników toksyczności, będących odniesieniem poszczególnych związków do emisji CO2. Korzystniejsze charakterystyki ekologiczne uzyskał pojazd spełniający nowszą normę emisji spalin, co wynikało przede wszystkim z zastosowania w jego konstrukcji zaawansowanych układów oczyszczania spalin.
9
Content available Zagadnienia oceny wskaźników ekologicznych pojazdów dwudrogowych w aspekcie aktualnych przepisów homologacyjnych
Andrzejewski Maciej, Daszkiewicz Paweł, Kamińska Michalina, Jakuszko Wojciech, Rymaniak Łukasz
Napędy i Sterowanie
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2020
|
R. 22, nr 7/8
64--65
PL
Poprawa stanu środowiska naturalnego wymaga coraz nowszych sposobów na obniżenie emisji związków szkodliwych spalin emitowanych przez pojazdy. Jednym z nich jest zastąpienie wyeksploatowanych lokomotyw manewrowych ciągnikami szynowo-drogowymi. Pojazdy takie przystosowane są do przetaczania wagonów, a ich konstrukcja zapewnia dużą funkcjonalność przy niskich kosztach eksploatacji. Głównym celem tego zabiegu jest zmniejszenie negatywnego oddziaływania pojazdu na środowisko i redukcja zużycia paliwa w porównaniu do lokomotywy wykonującej tę samą pracę. Badania emisyjności spalin testowanego pojazdu przeprowadzono podczas rzeczywistych warunków eksploatacji, dzięki czemu uzyskane wyniki są bardziej miarodajne.
10
Content available Analysis of exhaust emission measurements in rural conditions from heavy-duty vehicle
Ziółkowski Andrzej, Fuć Paweł, Lijewski Piotr, Rymaniak Łukasz, Daszkiewicz Paweł, Kamińska Michalina, Szymlet Natalia, Jagielski Aleks
Combustion Engines
|
2020
|
R. 59, nr 3
54--58
EN
Road transport holds for the largest share in the freight transport sector in Europe. This work is carried out by heavy vehicles of various types. It is assumed that, in principle, transport should take place on the main road connections, such as motorways or national roads. Their share in the polish road infrastructure is not dominant. Rural and communal roads roads are the most prevalent. This fact formed the basis of the exhaust emissions and fuel consumption tests of heavy vehicles in real operating conditions. A set of vehicles (truck tractor with a semi-trailer) meeting the Euro V emission norm, transporting a load of 24,800 kg, was selected for the tests. The research was carried out on an non-urban route, the test route length was 22 km. A mobile Semtech DS instrument was used, which was used to measure the exhaust emissions. Based on the obtained results, the emission characteristics were determined in relation to the operating parameters of the vehicles drive system. Road emission, specific emission and fuel consumption values were also calculated.
11
Content available Methods of evaluating the exhaust emissions from driving vehicles
Rymaniak Łukasz, Daszkiewicz Paweł, Merkisz Jerzy, Kamińska Michalina
Combustion Engines
|
2019
|
R. 58, nr 4
286--291
EN
The type approval tests of vehicles with internal combustion engines increasingly include issues regarding the assessment of ecological indicators in real traffic conditions. This is done with the help of specialized equipment from the PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement Systems) group. This requires not only a series of test procedures, but also assembly of technically advanced equipment along with the proper preparation of the vehicle's exhaust system. Currently, activities are being carried out to develop solutions for non-invasive assessment of ecological indicators from moving vehicles. The article discusses these types of solutions, at the same time indicating their strengths and weaknesses. Also presented are pollutant emission tests in real operating conditions that will be used to develop a modular exhaust emission gateway. The result of the analysis was to indicate the development directions of methods for exhaust emission assessment from vehicles in motion.
12
Content available Issues of emission evaluation of road-rail vehicles in the aspect of current type approval regulations
Daszkiewicz Paweł, Rymaniak Łukasz, Kamińska Michalina
Combustion Engines
|
2019
|
R. 58, nr 3
269--273
EN
One of the ways to reduce exhaust emissions from vehicles is to replace worn-out shunting locomotives with road-rail tractors. The main purpose of this solution is to reduce the negative environmental impact of the vehicle and to reduce the fuel consumption compared to a shunting locomotive performing the same work. The tests on exhaust emissions of rail vehicles are carried out on an engine test bench, making it impossible to determine the environmental performance of these vehicles during real operation. Therefore, it is advisable to carry out measurements in real operating conditions in order to obtain reliable reference results. This enables the verification of vehicles ecological indicators in a wide range of operational work parameters. It is possible to obtain reliable results regarding the impact of the tested vehicle on the natural environment in this way and compare them with the applicable emission standards.
13
Content available Evaluating the environmental costs in Poland of city buses meeting the Euro VI norm based on tests in real operating conditions
Rymaniak Łukasz, Fuć Paweł, Lijewski Piotr, Kamińska Michalina, Daszkiewicz Paweł, Ziółkowski Andrzej
Archives of Transport
|
2019
|
Vol. 52, iss. 4
109--115
EN
The article analyzes the environmental costs which consisted of determining the annual cost for gases and particles released into the atmosphere by city buses meeting the Euro VI norm. To this end, exhaust emissions of a city bus equipped with a conventional drive system were performed. The vehicle had a length of 18m and was powered by a CI engine with a swept volume of 10,5 dm3, with a maximum power of 240 kW. In order to measure the ecological indicators, tests were performed in real driving conditions using the PEMS system. The apparatus made it possible to measure the concentration of gaseous compounds and particulate matter in the exhaust, which made it possible to determine the road exhaust emissions of the tested vehicle. The research was carried out on a test route including urban and suburban roads in accordance with legislative guidelines. The measurements showed that the bus met the exhaust emission limits determined on the basis of measuring windows defined in relation to the work generated by the drive system. In addition to information on the emissivity of the vehicle, the annual emissions from city buses meeting the Euro VI standard in Poland were also estimated. The information contained in the central vehicle register for the number of vehicles registered in Poland that meet the latest emission standards has been used for this purpose.
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