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EN
Offshore wind farms can improve safety at sea because they are clearly visible landmarks at sea. Although they limit the sea area available to sailors and ships, they will increase the scope of observation of the sea traffic from land, constitute additional landmarks and, thanks to the installation of additional devices in their waters, expand the area of communication between ships and land services, and increase the scope of information on sea traffic available to the services. They also practically do not limit the possibility of observation through the farm's reservoir.
EN
This paper presents human and operational factors related to risk assessment during the operations of crude oil, petroleum products, and liquefied gas transfer between ships, called Ship to Ship (STS) operations. The lessons learned from accidents during STS when both ships are underway show that the most frequent accidents occur due to ship handling errors. Several influencing factors have already been identified, however there is still a need to investigate the human factor. Both human and operational factors are interrelated as the operational factors influence the human stress level. This paper identifies the stressors related to the external pressures imposed on the ship’s staff, which can be limited to improve safety. The preliminary study of the influence of particular elements of human factors, e.g., personality traits and stress levels, on the probability of ship handling error is presented.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wpływ oddziaływania wiatru i prądu na zacumowany zbiornikowiec oraz reakcje lin cumowniczych na ruch statku, wywołany falowaniem wewnątrz portu. Podczas operacji ładunkowych zmienia się powierzchnia oddziaływania wiatru na statek, podwodna powierzchnia kadłuba statku wystawiona na działanie prądu, a także wartość wysokości metacentrycznej, które mają znaczący wpływ na wytrzymałość lin i urządzeń cumowniczych statku.
EN
Paper present influence of the wind and current on mooring tanker and the reaction of mooring lines on the ship movement in port caused by waves. During cargo operations dynamically change windage area, submerged part of tankers and also metacentric height, which have great impact on the strength in mooring lines and ship’s equipment.
EN
One of the major activities during Ship to Ship (STS) transfer operation at sea is to safe approach the Ship to be Lightered (SBL) which moves on a constant heading with slow speed or drifting. In the paper described the manoeuvring problem for approaching during emergency STS transfer operation with oil spill. The approach manoeuvre is considered as a sequence of navigation manoeuvres in specific navigational environment with environmental and operational constraints as well as ship dynamic performance. Additional constraints results from STS transfer operation guide and navigation practise.
EN
The main aim of the paper is to present the possibility of use of the multi-criteria optimization method Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to liquid cargo transportation by sea. Finding the optimal solution is not simple. There are many factors influencing the shipping process. In the case of liquid cargo, the most important thing is the safety of the crew, ship, and environment. Therefore, the Mathematical Theory of Evidence is introduced and used to determine the optimal path in terms of time and safety of transport. Moreover, the details of liquid cargo transport process are described with particular attention to ship to ship operations. Besides, the basic concept of the AHP method, steps of the algorithm are introduced. Finally, the multicriteria optimization of the transport of the liquid cargo from the Persian Gulf to Port of Gdansk is done. It is based on the experts’ opinions.
EN
The paper is concerned with the problem of safe trajectory planning for approaching during emergency STS (Ship to Ship) transfer operation with oil spill. The safe trajectory means that the way points does not cross in the area of the environment with the static and dynamic obstacles and at the same time satisfies ship's stopping and speed deceleration performance. The evolutionary path planning algorithm is used to determine trajectory designed as way points and straight line segments between them. The way points - ship positions and velocity can be treated as reference value to support navigator in decision making during Approach Manoeuvre and to mitigate the risk of collision which mostly results from exceed velocity of approaching. The task of trajectory planning is defined as constant optimization process to minimize trajectory length, course alteration and maximize safety in a navigational environment. This paper examines exemplary navigational scenario based on emergency STS accident.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia zasady prawidłowego przeprowadzania operacji odwrotnego STS, mającego na celu doładowanie zbiornikowca VLCC ładunkiem płynnym. Znaczne zmiany parametrów zbiornikowców takich jak zanurzenie, wolna burta czy trym po przeprowadzonym transferze ładunku mają zasadniczy wpływ na ich zachowanie się podczas operacji odcumowania. Do przeprowadzenia badań symulacyjnych z modelami zbiornikowców wykorzystano symulator manewrowy Polaris firmy Kongsberg.
EN
Paper discussed the main aspects of the maneuvering operation during reverse STS. Particular attention was paid to the approaching and unmooring operations for both tankers, which during transfer cargo changing main parameters as draft, freeboard & trim. All those parameters have great impact for the maneuvering characteristic of the tankers. All types of maneuvering during STS operation conducted on the simulator Polaris Kongsberg.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje możliwość zastosowania badań symulacyjnych do weryfikacji kalkulacji i do oceny założeń projektowych dla terminalu promowego, wyposażonego w urządzenia cumownicze. Zastosowanie symulatora Navi-Trainer 5000 Professional do badań wytrzymałości urządzeń cumowniczych nabrzeża i lin cumowniczych statków w różnych warunkach hydrometeorologicznych pozwala ocenić dobór parametrów tych urządzeń będących na wyposażeniu terminala promowego.
EN
Paper presents the possibilities of using simulation process for assessment of the project the new passenger’s terminal, equipped with special mooring arrangements. Navi-Trainer 5000 Professional is using as tool for simulation ship’s approaching and mooring operations and also as a tools for the assessment of the special mooring equipment parameters.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje możliwość zastosowania badan symulacyjnych przy ocenie założeń projektowych dla terminalu promowego, wyposażonego w urządzenia cumownicze i odbojnice. Zastosowanie symulatora Navi-Trainer 5000 Professional do przeprowadzenia manewrów podchodzenia i cumowania statków pozwala ocenić dobór parametrów urządzeń będących na wyposażeniu terminala promowego.
EN
Paper presents the possibilities of using simulation process for assessment of the project the new passenger’s terminal, equipped with special mooring arrangements. Navi-Trainer 5000 Professional is using as tool for simulation ship’s approaching and mooring operations and also as a tools for the assessment of the special mooring equipment parameters.
PL
W artykule omówiono wpływ warunków hydrometeorologicznych ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem działania wiatru oraz prądu na kontenerowiec ULCV (Ultra Large Container Vessel) podczas postoju na kotwicy. W celu wyznaczenia granicznych wartości wiatru, przeprowadzono badania symulacyjne z wykorzystaniem reprezentatywnego modelu statku, a otrzymane wyniki badań porównano z wykonanymi obliczeniami teoretycznymi.
EN
Paper presents influence of hydro-meteorological conditions, especially wind and current on the ULCV (Ultra Large Container Vessel) container ship during anchoring. Wind speed limits, were determined by simulation study, based on representative ship model. Results of simulations were compared with theoretical calculations.
EN
The paper presents analysis of the residual strength and geometric structure (roughness) of post-failure surfaces of sandstones from Śmiłów and andesites from Wdżar Mountain. The analysis was carried out on the roughness of the surface distribution of samples obtained by extension and shearing tests of rocks. The morphology of these surfaces was characterized by statistical parameters and 2D and 3D maps, from investigations conducted using a Hommel Tester T8000 profilometer.
EN
The safety of the tanker during the loading operations carried out in the oil terminal is influenced by many factors. Based on the observations of port personnel and weather analyses in that area it was found that for Naftoport one of the most important factors affecting the security of the tanker is the wind, and more precisely – its direction and speed. Less important are accompanying waves and generated by it variable and periodic wind current. In this selected area of the Baltic Sea the direction and speed of wind change very dynamically depending on the activity of pressure patterns, which are very closely related to the occurrence of seasons. For the purpose of the article simulations were carried out of variable wind speeds, from directions causing the breakaway of the ship from the jetty, with an application of the model of the tanker in the least favourable load condition. The results obtained – the load in the mooring ropes from simulation tests were compared with the requirements of the OCIMF (Oil Companies International Marine Forum), determining the methodology of performing calculations of these forces for the selected type of tanker.
PL
Terminal kontenerowy stanowi przykład systemu transportowego realizującego obsługę kontenerów z ładunkami niebezpiecznymi, które dostarczane są przez środki transportu lądowego i morskiego. Celem badań takiego systemu transportowego jest określenie zachodzących w nim procesów.
EN
Container terminal is an example of transport system, which provide the proper service of the containers containing dangerous goods. Dangerous goods are supplied to this terminal by different means of transport. The aim of examination this terminal is determination of process.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono operacje STS (Ship to Ship). Operacje te mają obecnie podstawowe znaczenie w transporcie morskim w zakresie zapewnienia ciągłości dostaw ładunków płynnych. Operacje STS umożliwiają efektywny i bezpieczny przeładunek ropy naftowej, paliw płynnych i gazu ziemnego na dużych statkach, które ze względu na swoją wielkość nie mogą być obsługiwane w terminalach paliwowych. Zastosowanie operacji STS umożliwia również przeładunek na barki lub mniejsze statki, które zapewniają dostawy bezpośrednio do odbiorców, dzięki czemu czas dostawy zostaje skrócony o czas oczekiwania statku na redzie i czas operacji portowych. W oparciu o obowiązujące przepisy i zalecenia przedstawiono charakterystykę operacji STS i poddano analizie praktyczne aspekty tych operacji. Ze względu na trudność prowadzenia operacji STS, konieczne jest praktyczne szkolenie STS w zakresie manewrowania, operacji ładunkowych oraz procedur -awaryjnych. Szkolenie można przeprowadzać na odpowiednich na symulatorach nawigacyjno - manewrowych i ładunkowych.
EN
The paper presents STS (Ship to Ship) operations, which are now of great importance for ensuring the continuity of liquid cargo deliveries in maritime transportation. STS operations allow for the effective and safe transfer of oil, oil fuel and liquid natural gas on the big vessels, which due to their dimensions cannot be operated in oil terminals. Implementation of STS operations allows for transfer of the liquid cargo from STBL onto the barges and smaller vessels, ensuring deliveries straight to the customers. Due to this operations time of delivery is shortened by the waiting time in the area of road anchorage and time of port operations. On the basis of the obligatory rules and recommendations the operating characteristic of STS operations and the practical aspects of the operations have been presented and analysed. The difficulty of conducting STS operations requires practical training in the subjects of ship handling, liquids cargo operations and emergency procedures. The training could be conducted using Full Mission and liquid cargo handling simulators.
15
Content available Container terminal as a queening transport networks
EN
The queuing networks consist of several connected simple queuing system. In container terminal as an open network containers enter the queuing network from sea and landside, received adequately service at system and leave the network. Jackson’s network is simplest form of queuing networks, characterized by unlimited overall numbers of customers belong to the one class of customers. Customer – containers arrived' system with exponential arrival pattern (Poison or Erlang) and are served on single or multi-channel servers with exponential service time.􀀃Another case of queuing networks is network of Kelly with different classes of customers (containers) but each class of containers has fixed route (service model) in the transport system. The Baskett, Chandy, Muntz and Palacios – BCMP networks include different class of customers, with different queuing discipline and generally distributed time. Routes (service model) through the network may depend on the class of customers – containers, and the containers can change its class while passing through the system. This article describes different queuing networks, which can be used to modelling of the container terminal as a queuing transport network. The Queuing Theory may be used to determine the appropriate level of capacity required at container terminal and the staffing levels required at service facilities, over the nominal average capacity required to service expected demand. The model of the container terminal called a queuing network had better represent the real structure then a single system.
EN
We give a full description of the dynamics of the Abel equation [formula] for some special complex valued ƒ. We also prove the existence of at least three periodic solutions for equations of the form [formula] for odd n ≥ 5.
EN
We give a few sufficient conditions for the existence of periodic solutions of the equation [formula] where n > r and aj 's, ck's are complex valued. We prove the existence of one up to two periodic solutions.
18
Content available remote Manewr bocznego przemieszczenia na płynącym statku
PL
W artykule przedstawiono pomiary parametrów ruchu zbiornikowca nośności 22 000 t podczas manewru bocznego przemieszczenia w trakcie żeglugi stałym kursem. Manewr, roboczo nazwany "underway crabbing", wykonany został przy współpracy dziobowego steru strumieniowego ze sterem zaśrubowym. Przy zwiększonych mocach dziobowych sterów strumieniowych w odniesieniu do dotychczas stosowanych mocy taki manewr stwarza mniejsze zagrożenie dla długich statków płynących po wąskich szlakach żeglugowych niż dotychczas stosowany manewr zejścia z kursu w sytuacjach kolizyjnych.
EN
The results of the research into the ship's movement parameters is presented in the paper. The test performed in the course of the study comprised underway crabbing maneuver of 26 000 DWT tanker. The maneuver consists in side shift of the vessel while maintaining the steady course. The investigated maneuver was carried out with the simultaneous use of ship's bow thruster and a rudder generating the side components of the total thrust. It is revealed that there is a prospect to apply the crabbing maneuver, which may be particularly important when sailing on river and in narrow channels. However, it requires an increase in power of bow thrusters built up on board. The expected benefit of an application of crabbing maneuver instead maneuver contemporary ship's course changes, is an decrease in risk of navigation.
EN
In the present paper we prove distributional chaos for the Poincaré map in the perturbed equation [formula]. Heteroclinic and homoclinic connections between two periodic solutions bifurcating from the stationary solution 0 present in the system when N = 0 are also discussed.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje główne założenia do budowy modelu terminalu kontenerowego obsługującego jednostki kontenerowe zawierające materiały niebezpieczne oraz podstawowe parametry jego pracy. W treści przedstawiono kierunki przepływu kontenerów i związaną z nimi specyfikę obsługi z zastosowaniem sieci masowej obsługi.
EN
This article describes the Mass Service System model of container terminals which serve the containers with dangerous goods. The problem of dangerous goods storage within container terminal and basic measures used for proper service assessment for container terminal in operation are presented in this paper.
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