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Content available remote Numerical analysis of crack initiation and propagation in an aluminium sample
EN
This paper reports an analysis of simulated crack propagation in an aluminium sample depending on the direction of external loads. The objective of the study was to perform a numerical analysis of crack propagation as well as to determine regions which are most susceptible to failure. The object of study was created from numerical analysis of material failure due to fibre separation using Abaqus 6.14. The modelling of crack propagation was performed using the numerical xFEM method for separating material fibres irrespective of the finite element mesh.
PL
W ramach pracy przeprowadzono symulację numeryczną procesu propagacji pękania aluminiowej próbki, w zależności od kierunku obciążeń zewnętrznych. Celem pracy było wykonanie badania numerycznego propagacji pękania materiału oraz wykazanie obszarów najbardziej newralgicznych. Przedmiot badań przygotowano w ramach analizy numerycznej zniszczenia materiału na skutek rozdzielenia włókien w oparciu o środowisko Abaqus 6.14. Propagacja procesu pękania materiału została przeprowadzona na podstawie metody badań numerycznych xFEM, stanowiącej metodę rozdzielania włókien materiału niezależnie przebiegającego od siatki elementów skończonych.
EN
In this paper, the results of laboratory tests and numerical analyses of thin-walled beams strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) are presented. In particular, tensile tests of the steel and carbon fiber Sikar CarboDurr S tapes were conducted. Full scale laboratory tests included six sigma beams, each 140 mm high, 3 m long and with a wall thickness of 2.5 mm. The laboratory specimens were assumed as simply supported, single-span beams subjected to a uniformly distributed load. Four of the tested beams were reinforced with carbon fiber tapes, and the other two were not reinforced and were considered as reference beams. Numerical models of the considered beams were developed in the Abaqus program and subjected to validation and verification based on laboratory results. In the paper, special attention is paid to the evaluation of the possibility of increasing the critical load capacity while simultaneously limiting displacements of the beams by appropriate positioning of CFRP tape. The work completes with comparative analysis and conclusions.
EN
The paper presents an experimental and numerical study investigating the load carrying capacity of thin-walled composite structures with an omega-shaped cross-section subjected to axial compression. The tested profile was made of carbon-epoxy laminate with symmetrical arrangement of the layers [0/90/0/90]s. The experimental tests were performed on a universal testing machine - Zwick Z100, under full load conditions until total failure of the structure. The post-critical equilibrium paths of the construction were determined, defining the relationship between compressive load and deflection and enabling the FE models to be validated. Based on the obtained post-critical equilibrium paths, the critical load of the construction was determined using well-known approximation methods. Simultaneously, numerical analysis was carried out by the finite element method using Abaqus® software. The critical state was determined via linear eigenvalue analysis, and the critical load and corresponding first buckling mode were estimated. The next stage of numerical analysis involved solving the nonlinear stability problem of the structure with initialized geometric imperfection reflecting the first buckling mode of the composite material. The geometrically non-linear problem was solved by the Newton-Raphson method. The load capacity of the composite profile in the post-buckling state was determined by the progressive failure criterion which estimates damage initiation in the composite material using the Hashin criterion. Progressive failure analysis is described with the energy criterion describing the stiffness degradation of finite elements. The obtained numerical simulation results showed very high correspondence with the presented experimental results conducted on real structures, which confirms the precise preparation of the developed numerical models of the composite structures.
PL
Praca dotyczy numeryczno-doświadczalnego badania nośności cienkościennych struktur kompozytowych o omegowym kształcie przekroju poprzecznego poddanych osiowemu ściskaniu. Profile wykonano z kompozytu węglowo-epoksydowego o symetrycznym układzie warstw względem płaszczyzny środkowej. W ramach przeprowadzonych badań rozpatrzono układ o krzyżowej konfiguracji ułożenia warstw laminatu [0/90/0/90]s. Badania eksperymentalne przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem uniwersalnej maszyny wytrzymałościowej Zwick Z100 w pełnym zakresie obciążeń, aż do całkowitego zniszczenia konstrukcji. Badania numeryczne stanu krytycznego z zastosowaniem liniowej analizy zagadnienia własnego miały na celu wyznaczenie postaci wyboczenia oraz wartości obciążenia krytycznego. Kolejny etap symulacji numerycznych obejmował rozwiązanie zagadnienia nieliniowej stateczności konstrukcji z zainicjowaną najniższą postacią wyboczenia. Zagadnienie geometrycznie nieliniowe prowadzono z wykorzystaniem przyrostowo-iteracyjnej procedury Newtona-Raphsona, wykorzystując jako narzędzie do obliczeń numerycznych program ABAQUS® . Obliczenia numeryczne utraty nośności konstrukcji przeprowadzono za pomocą implementacji algorytmu progresywnego kryterium zniszczenia (uwzględniając degradację sztywności elementów skończonych), w oparciu o uprzednio uwzględnione inicjacyjne kryterium zniszczenia Hashina. Otrzymane wyniki symulacji numerycznych wykazywały bardzo wysoką zgodność z prezentowanymi wynikami badań eksperymentalnych, prowadzonych na rzeczywistych strukturach. Wysoka zbieżność wyników świadczy o precyzyjnym przygotowaniu modelu MES.
EN
The paper presents experimental and numerical results of the stamping process of an axially-symmetrical element. The subject of the study was a sample made of a 0.47 mm thick aluminium alloy Al-1100 sheet. Experimental studies were conducted on a universal testing machine, while numerical simulations were carried out on two different numerical software programs Abaqus® and Deform-3D. The results obtained from the numerical analysis allowed to develop a numerical model of the stamping process.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań eksperymentalnych i numerycznych procesu tłoczenia elementu osiowo-symetrycznego. Przedmiotem badań była próbka wykonana ze stopu aluminium Al-1100 o grubości 0,47 mm. Badania doświadczalne przeprowadzono na uniwersalnej maszynie wytrzymałościowej, natomiast symulacje numeryczne zrealizowano w dwóch różnych programach komputerowych Abaqus® oraz Deform-3D. Wyniki uzyskane z analizy numerycznej pozwoliły na opracowanie numerycznego modelu procesu tłoczenia.
PL
Przedmiotem badań był cienkościenny kompozytowy profil o określonych parametrach geometrycznych. Próbka rzeczywista oraz opracowana numerycznie zostały poddane procesowi osiowego ściskania, podczas którego badano stan krytyczny oraz słabo krytyczny. Model podparto przegubowo na krawędziach stanowiących pra krój poprzeczny badanego profilu, odpowiednio w górnej i dolnej go części. Badania numeryczne wykonywano w zakresie nieliniowej stateczności konstrukcji. Analizę MES przeprowadzono do momentu osiągnięcia wyraźnej utraty stateczności, przy jednoczesnym wyznaczeniu wartości sił krytycznych. Do obliczeń numerycznych wykorzystano system ABAQUS®. Podstawowym aspektem badawczym było wyznaczenie stopnia zbieżności wyników uzyskanych metodą eksperymentalną oraz numeryczną w zakresie dopuszczalnych obciążeń eksploatacyjnych. Badania numeryczne realizowano wyłącznie w i kresie sprężystym, pozwalającym na stateczną pracę cienkościenny konstrukcji.
EN
The object of the research was thin-walled composite profile of certain geometrical parameters. The real and numerical specimen, has under gone a process of axial compression, in which studied critical and poorly after-critical condition. Model was supported articulated on the edges constituting the cross-section of the test profiles in the upper and low parts. Numerical investigations were carried out exclusively in the field of non-linear stability of the structure. FEM analysis was carried out until achieving a clear loss of stability, in order to determine the value the critical force. For the numerical calculations used ABAQUS® program. A key aspect of the research was to determine the level of convergence of the results obtained by experimental and numerical research, to the extent permissible operating loads. Numerical research carried outs exclusively in the field of elastic, which allows you to stable work of thin-walled structures.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań laboratoryjnych i analiz numerycznych belek cienkościennych typu sigma wzmocnionych taśmą CFRP. Badaniom laboratoryjnym poddano sześć belek typu sigma [3] o wysokości 140 mm, grubości ścianki 2,5 mm i długości 3 m obciążonych w sposób równomiernie rozłożony. Cztery belki wzmocniono taśmami z włókien węglowych Sika CarboDur S. Modele numeryczne badanych belek opracowano w programie Abaqus z zastosowaniem modelu powłokowego MES, który poddano walidacji i weryfikacji na podstawie wyników badań laboratoryjnych. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na możliwość zwiększenia nośności belek przez odpowiednie umiejscowienie wzmocnienia taśmą CFRP.
EN
In the paper the results of laboratory tests and numerical analyzes of thin-walled CFRP-reinforced beams are presented. Full scale laboratory tests included six sigma [3] beams 140 mm high and 2.5 mm wall thickness, 3 meters long. The laboratory specimens were assumed as simply supported, single-span beams subjected to a uniformly distributed load. Four of tested beams were reinforced with carbon fiber tapes. Numerical models of the considered beams were developed in the program Abaqus and subjected to validation and verification based on laboratory results. Special attention was paid to the evaluation of the possibility of increase the load capacity of the beams by appropriate position of CFRP tape.
EN
Thin-walled steel elements in the form of openwork columns with variable geometrical parameters of holes were studied. The samples of thin-walled composite columns were modelled numerically. They were subjected to axial compression to examine their behavior in the critical and post-critical state. The numerical models were articulately supported on the upper and lower edges of the cross-section of the profiles. The numerical analysis was conducted only with respect to the non-linear stability of the structure. The FEM analysis was performed until the material achieved its yield stress. This was done to force the loss of stability by the structures. The numerical analysis was performed using the ABAQUS® software. The numerical analysis was performed only for the elastic range to ensure the operating stability of the tested thin-walled structures.
EN
Purpose: The aim of the work was to analyse the critical state of thin-walled composite profiles with top-hat cross section under axial compression. Design/methodology/approach: The purpose of the work was achieved by using known approximation methods in experimental and finite element methods for numerical simulations. The scope of work included an analysis of the behavior of thin-walled composite structures in critical state with respect to numerical studies verified experimentally. Findings: In the presented work were determined the values of critical loads related to the loss of stability of the structures by using well-known approximation methods and computer simulations (FEM analysis). Research limitations/implications: The research presented in the paper is about the potential possibility of determining the values of critical loads equivalent to loss of stability of thin-walled composite structures and the future possibility of analyzing limit states related to loss of load capacity. Practical implications: The practical approach in the actual application of the described specimen and methodology of study is related to the necessity of carrying out of strength analyzes, allowing for a precise assessment of the loads upon which the loss of stability (bifurcation) occurs. Originality/value: The originality of the research is closely associated with used the thinwalled composite profile with top-hat cross-section, which is commonly used in the fuselage of passenger airplane. The methodology of simultaneous confrontation of the obtained results of critical loads by using approximation methods and using the linear eigenvalue solution in numerical analysis demonstrates the originality of the research character. Presented results and the methodology are intended for researchers, who are concerned with the topic of loss of stability of thin-walled composite structures.
9
Content available Numerical thermal analysis of a car braking system
EN
The study involved performing a numerical thermal analysis of selected components in a car braking system. The primary goal of the study was to determine the regions which are most susceptible to variations in temperature, and to determine the degree of thermal impact upon them. The analysis was performed using the Abaqus environment. The examined components of the braking system were made of materials reflecting mechanical properties of the real subassemblies. The FEM analysis enabled determination of the distribution of temperature in the system with respect to the properties of the investigated materials and applied boundary conditions.
EN
The object of the study was a thin-walled profile with Z-shaped cross section made of the carbon-epoxy composite. The material model was prepared based on the implemented orthotropic properties. The purpose of the study was to determine the value of the critical load at which buckling occurs, the form of buckling and operating characteristics in critical condition. In order to achieve this numerical analysis were carried out. Additionally, the effects of the modification in arrangement of layers of the laminate to the stability and strength of thin-walled composite structures was presented. Numerical studies were carried out using commercial simulation software - ABAQUS®. Within the FEM research, both forms of buckling and the associated critical load, dependent on the configuration the layers of the composite were achieved. The analysis of the obtained results allowed the evaluation of the structure’s work in relation to the level of energy consumption or rigidity estimation. In the paper only numerical simulations of the critical state were conducted.
EN
The subject of the study was aluminum samples of varying thickness. The aim of the study was to perform the experimental stamping process of the samples on a universal testing machine and a numerical analysis on two independent computer systems Abaqus® and Deform-3D. As part of the numerical analysis, bilinear material model was included, taking into account elastic and plastic characteristics. The study was conducted in a dynamic environment with geometric nonlinearity. The results obtained from experimental research were confronted with those obtained by FEM computer simulation. During the research, numerical model of the stamping process has been developed, which was validated with the results of experimental research.
PL
Przedmiotem badań są cienkościenne elementy stalowe w postaci dwuteowników ażurowych o zmiennych parametrach geometrycznych szeregu otworów. Próbki zamodelowane numerycznie, zostały poddane procesowi osiowego ściskania, podczas którego badano stan krytyczny oraz pokrytyczny profili cienkościennych w odniesieniu do badań doświadczalnych. Modele podparto przegubowo na krawędziach stanowiących przekrój poprzeczny badanych profili w górnej i dolnej części elementów. Badania numeryczne wykonywano wyłącznie w zakresie nieliniowej stateczności konstrukcji. Analizę MES prowadzono do chwili osiągnięcia przez poddane ściskaniu profile granicy plastyczności materiału - w celu otrzymania stanu utraty stateczności struktur, bez następstwa związanego z niepożądanym uplastycznieniem. Do obliczeń numerycznych wykorzystano program ABAQUS®, dzięki któremu prowadzono badania związane z wpływem zmienności średnic szeregu otworów profili cienkościennych, w zakresie dopuszczalnych obciążeń eksploatacyjnych struktur. Badania numeryczne realizowano jedynie w zakresie pracy sprężystej, pozwalającej na stateczną pracę cienkościennej konstrukcji.
EN
The specimens are thin-walled steel elements in the form of openwork beams with variable geometrical parameters row of holes. Samples were modeled numerically and additionally undergone axial compression, in which critical and after-critical conditions of designed thin-walled profiles were studied according to experimental research. Models properly propped articulated on the edges of cross-section examined profiles of the upper and Iower parts. Numerical investigations were carried out exclusively in the field of non-linear stability of the structure. FEM analysis was carried out until achieving yield stress of the material - in order to obtain the State of loss of stability of structures, without effects resulting from the undesirable plastic deformation. For the numerical calculations used ABAOUS® program, through which conducted research related to the impact of variability diameter thin-walled profiles a series of holes, to the extent allowable loads the operating structures. Numerical investigations carried out work only to the extent elastic, allowing the stately work of thin-walled structures.
EN
Thin-walled, composite elements subjected to axial compression were the subject of conducted research. The samples were articulately propped against the edges of their cross section. The scope of the research included a numerical analysis and experimental verification of both critical and weakly postcritical states. Numerical investigations were carried out in the elastic field, allowing for steady work of thin-walled structures until they reached the point of stability loss, with the simultaneous determination of critical forces values. For numerical calculations software ABAQUS® was used. The main issue of the research was to determine a convergence of the results obtained by numerical and experimental examination, in the range of operational allowable loads.
PL
Przedmiot badań stanowiły cienkościenne elementy kompozytowe poddane procesowi osiowego ściskania. Próbki zamocowano przegubowo na krawędziach stanowiących ich przekrój poprzeczny. Zakres badań obejmował analizę numeryczną oraz weryfikację doświadczalną stanu krytycznego oraz słabo pokrytycznego. Badania numeryczne realizowano w zakresie sprężystym, pozwalającym na stateczną pracę cienkościennych konstrukcji do momentu osiągnięcia wyraźnej utraty stateczności, przy jednoczesnym wyznaczeniu wartości sił krytycznych. Do obliczeń numerycznych wykorzystano oprogramowanie ABAQUS®. Kluczowym aspektem badawczym było wyznaczenie poziomu zbieżności wyników uzyskanych drogą numeryczną oraz eksperymentalną, w zakresie dopuszczalnych obciążeń eksploatacyjnych.
EN
The object of this study is a thin-walled channel-section profile made of a carbon-epoxy composite subjected to axial compression. The study included analysis of the critical and weakly post-critical behaviour using experimental and numerical methods. As a result of the research conducted on a physical model of the structure, we determined a post-critical equilibrium path, which was then used to determine the critical load by approximation methods. Simultaneously, numerical calculations were performed by the finite element method. Their scope included a linear analysis of eigenvalue problems, the results of which led to determination of the critical load for the developed numerical model. The second step of the calculations consisted in performing a nonlinear analysis of the structure with geometrically initiated imperfection corresponding to the lowest buckling mode of the investigated profile. The numerical results were compared with the experimental findings, revealing that the developed numerical model of the structure was correct. The numerical simulations were performed using the ABAQUS® software.
PL
Przedmiotem badań jest cienkościenny profil o przekroju ceowym, wykonany z kompozytu węglowo-epoksydowego, poddany osiowemu ściskaniu. Zakres badań obejmował analizę stanu krytycznego i słabo pokrytycznego metodami doświadczalnymi i numerycznymi. W wyniku badań prowadzonych na fizycznym modelu konstrukcji wyznaczono pokrytyczną ścieżkę równowagi, na podstawie której z wykorzystaniem metod aproksymacyjnych określono wartość obciążenia krytycznego. Równolegle prowadzono obliczenia numeryczne z wykorzystaniem metody elementów skończonych. Zakres obliczeń obejmował liniowa analizę zagadnienia własnego, w wyniku której określono wartość obciążenia krytycznego modelu numerycznego konstrukcji. Drugi etap obliczeń obejmował nieliniową analizę stanu słabo pokrytycznego konstrukcji z zainicjowaną imperfekcją geometryczną, odpowiadającą najniższej postaci wyboczenia konstrukcji. Wyniki obliczeń numerycznych porównano z wynikami badań doświadczalnych, potwierdzając adekwatność opracowanego modelu numerycznego konstrukcji. Zastosowanym narzędziem numerycznym był program ABAQUS®.
EN
This paper reports the results of a numerical analysis of buckling in a carbon-fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP). The analysis involved determination of the first buckling mode and critical forces for the tested composite. The composite was tested for six different ply orientations. The analysis was performed on a closed section composite column. The objective of the analysis was to determine critical forces affecting the composite profiles with the applied ply orientations and, thus,to determine the laminate ply orientations which can carry the heaviest loads. The numerical modelling and all computations were performed using the Abaqus 6.14 software. In the analysis, we took account of boundary conditions and performed a discretization process in order to obtain correct results.
EN
The paper describes the process of symmetric bending of an aluminium specimen using two independent environments for numerical analysis. A FEM analysis is performed on an aluminium channel section. A comparison is made between the bending process performed in the Abaqus environment and that run with the Deform-3D system. In both numerical analysis systems, the crucial point is to determine the state of reduced stresses for a designed computer model. The paper provides a visual comparison of the profiles subjected to bending; it also determines displacements and stresses in the tested structures. To perform a nonlinear static analysis, we define a material model, determine boundary conditions, interactions as well as generate a mesh. The results produced with the two numerical systems agree to a very high extent.
EN
The paper investigates the effect of various disk spring package configura-tions on brake load of safety progressive gears. The numerical analysis is performed using the Abaqus/CAE software and the designed 3D models. The numerical results are then verified in experimental tests. The tests also examine the effect of lubrication on brake load of spring packages. In addition, the paper investigates the work conditions of safety progressive gears at emergency braking. The experimental results show agreement with the numerical results.
EN
The gear which is the central safety element of the friction drive lift during braking is exposed to overloading connected with changeable weight which loads the lift braking system. In the article the results of numerical analysis for braking process of CHP 2000 type progressive gear distinguished by an innovative design have been presented. The numerical analysis was conducted with the use of a simulation of the gear roller displacement depending on changeable loading with the support of Abaqus/CAE software. Displacement of the gear roller from the neutral position in which the gear starts loosing energy of speeding up weight to zero was simulated. The results obtained from computer simulations were verified on the basis of a physical experiment at the bench station created to verify braking parameters of the gears with the use of free fall method.
EN
This paper discusses the problem of design optimization for an I-section profile. The optimization process was performed using the Abaqus program. The numerical analysis of a strictly static problem was based on the finite element method. The scope of the analysis involved both determination of stresses and displacements in the profile and structure topology optimization. The main focus of the numerical analysis was put on reducing profile volume while maintaining the same load and similar stresses prior to and after optimization. The solution of the optimization problem is just an example of the potential of using this method in combination with the finite element method in the Abaqus environment. Nowadays numerical analysis is the most effective cost-reducing alternative to experimental tests and it enables structure examination by means of a computer.
EN
The study investigates thin-walled steel elements in a form of openwork beams with holes described by variable geometrical parameters. The specimens are modeled numerically and additionally subjected to axial compression in order to examine the critical and post-critical behavior of the thin-walled profiles. The models of profiles are propped articulatedly on the edges of the cross-section in the upper and lower parts. The numerical analysis investigates only the problem of non-linear stability of these structures. The FEM analysis is stopped at the moment when the compressed profiles achieve the yield stress in order to determine their loss of stability without undesired strains. The numerical computations are performed using the ABAQUS® program to investigate the impact of diameter variability in the thin-walled profiles with holes under allowable operational loads. The numerical investigation was performed only with respect to elastic work, ensuring the stability of thin-walled structures.
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