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1
Content available The occurrence of microplastics in freshwater systems – preliminary results from Krakow (Poland)
Połeć M., Aleksander-Kwaterczak U., Wątor K., Kmiecik E.
Geology, Geophysics and Environment
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2018
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Vol. 44, no. 4
391--400
EN
The results of research conducted in recent years indicates that microplastic particles are widely distributed in the aquatic environment. The investigations are mostly focused on marine waters and there is still a lack of information about their presence in both surface water and groundwater. In this paper, preliminary results of research conducted in Poland are presented. Different types of water samples were collected. Five litres of each sample were filtered through 0.4 μm glass fibre filters. In the first stage, visual identification was conducted using a stereomicroscope. Additionally, some interesting fragments were examined by means of SEM/EDS method. In the case of rivers water samples, which were characterized by a high content of organic matter and minerals, the visibility of microplastics could be reduced. In the sample from the Vistula River, some particles similar to microplastics were found. In the groundwater samples, some blue and green particles which supposed to be plastic were found by the stereomicroscope. Additional analysis with the DXR Raman Microscope method gave no clear results. The samples were too small and the plastic particles were very dispersed which prevented correct analysis. SEM analysis showed irregularly shaped particles which were considered to be microplastics. Considering the chemical composition, carbon predominated.
2
Content available Contrasting sediment and water chemistry indicates the extent of the hyporheic zone in a polluted river system
Ciszewski D., Aleksander-Kwaterczak U.
Geology, Geophysics and Environment
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2016
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Vol. 42, no. 2
151--159
EN
The concentrations of zinc and cadmium were determined in the sediment cores sampled from the floodplain and the channel in the middle reach of the Biała Przemsza River valley (southern Poland). The results were compared to the river water and groundwater chemistry in order to reveal the average extent of the hyporheic flow. The loss of river waters through the river bed due to the natural migration modified by the drainage of the lead-zinc ore mine caused the strong pollution of the river bed sediments with heavy metals to the depth of almost three meters below the water table in the river. Moreover, the similar groundwater and river water chemistry at that depth suggests that the vertical extent of the hyporheic zone, which exceeds a depth of several meters below the channel, can be affected by the drainage of river waters by the lead-zinc mine. The lateral extent of the hyporheic flow, indicated by changes in groundwater chemistry and elevated heavy metal concentrations in the sediments, was of the order of dozen of meters. The investigation documents the large impact of the secondary in situ enrichment of sediments with heavy metals in the hyporheic zone.
3
Content available Skład chemiczny wód nadosadowych i roztworów porowych w osadach jeziora Wigry
Zdechlik R., Aleksander-Kwaterczak U.
Przegląd Geologiczny
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2015
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Vol. 63, nr 10/2
1145--1149
EN
This research was conducted in the area of Wigry Lake, which is one of the largest and deepest lakes in Poland. It consists of several parts which differ in size, depth, number of islands, chemical composition of water and the nature of shores. To assess variations in chemical composition of the pore water and overlying water, seven research positions were selected. They belong to one of three zones: profundal, littoral and dystrophic. Water characteristics are presented in statistical approach, using the background concentrations determined by the probability method. Chemical composition of the overlying water taken from profundal locations is similar to that from littoral parts of the lake. These are multi-ion waters of HCO3–SO4–Ca, HCO3–SO4–Ca–Mg, HCO3–Ca, HCO3–Ca–Mg type. They have low mineralization (268–552 mg/dm3) and are weakly alkaline (pH from 7.49 to 7.77). The situation is different with the composition of the water taken from the dystrophic lake (SO4–Ca–Mg). These are low mineralization (28 mg/dm3) and acid waters (pH = 5.35). Dominant in pore solutions is multi-ion HCO3–Ca, HCO3–Ca–Mg or HCO3–SO4–Ca–Mg water with mineralization 445–2032 mg/dm3 and pH between 7.39–8.23 (littoral positions), HCO3–Ca–SO4 and HCO3–Ca–Mg water with mineralization 479–762 mg/dm3 and pH from 7.59 to 7.89 (profundal positions). Definitely different chemical compositions have pore water from dystrophic lake: hydrochemical type changes with depth, from the HCO3–SO4–Ca, via HCO3–SO4–Ca–Na and HCO3–SO4–K–Ca, to the HCO3–O4–Na–Ca. Their mineralization is very low (49–69 mg/dm3) and pH changes from 7.25 to 8.01.
4
Content available Urban soil contamination with lead and cadmium in the playgrounds located near busy streets in Cracow (South Poland)
Aleksander-Kwaterczak U., Rajca A.
Geology, Geophysics and Environment
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2015
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Vol. 41, no. 1
7--16
EN
The pollution of urban soil with heavy metals caused by traffic activity is increasingly becoming a great threat to human health and environmental quality. This paper presents results of research of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) distribution in land on playgrounds situated near busy streets in Cracow (Poland). Samples of sand and soil were collected from the most top layer (0–10 cm). Concentrations of examined metals are: Pb from 6.80 to 54.04 mg/kg and Cd from 1.60 to 2.61 mg/kg, respectively. The highest concentrations were found in sampling points near the busiest roads, and are particularly visible in the case of lead concentration in soil samples. For sand samples, metal concentrations are much lower. Although the results have not determined a high degree of soil’s contamination, they indicate the problem of the children’s exposure to toxic metals. Urban soil should be monitored particularly in such special places as playgrounds.
5
Content available Comparative analysis of Helix pomatia L. shells found in soils with varying degrees of contamination (southern Poland)
Aleksander-Kwaterczak U., Gołas-Siarzewska M.
Geology, Geophysics and Environment
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2015
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Vol. 41, no. 4
299--309
EN
Soil samples and snails – Helix pomatia Linnaeus, 1758 specimens were collected from the region of Małopolska. Research based on soil from this area showed a differentiated degree of environmental contamination, which influenced the composition of elements that build mollusc shells. Concentrations of Pb, Mn, Cd, Fe, Zn and Cu in the snail shells and soil varied between localities. The highest of these concentrations were found in the soil in the city of Cracow. They were higher than those measured in the regions outside the city, 7 times in the case of Cd, and up to 123 times higher for Cu. Positive association between soil pollution and shell contamination can be observed (rs ≈ 0.9). A high concentration of metals in the environment and their bioavailability causes long-term accumulation of these elements in Helix pomatia shells.
6
Content available remote The effect of long-term contamination by heavy metals on community and genome alterations of Chironomidae (Diptera) in a stream with mine drainage water (southern Poland)
Szarek-Gwiazda E., Michailova P., Ilkova J., Kownacki A., Ciszewski D., Aleksander-Kwaterczak U.
Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies
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2013
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Vol. 42, No. 4
460--469
EN
This paper reports on studies of the effect of heavy metals on the Chironomidae that inhabit the Matylda stream, which has been contaminated for about 100 years by discharge water from a zinc and lead ore mine. Stream sediment was strongly polluted by Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn. These metals did not affect the Chironomidae community but strongly changed the genome system of the Chironomidae species that inhabited the sediment. The salivary gland chromosomes of six species belonging to the two genera Chironomus and Prodiamesa are analyzed. In all species the somatic index is calculated on the basis of somatic chromosome alterations. Chironomus riparius has the highest numbers of somatic alterations and the highest somatic index — 9.67. The smallest chromosome G carries the key structures known as “Balbiani rings”, which play an important role in species development. This chromosome is very sensitive in the genome of the most studied species. The high sensitivity of the C. riparius genome is discussed in light of its DNA organization. The results show a high response of the salivary gland chromosomes to heavy metal pollution, and this makes them a valuable indicator in the assessment of water quality and detection of mutagenic agents in the aquatic environment.
7
Content available remote Zanieczyszczenie gleb na obszarze historycznej eksploatacji rud ZN-PB (rejon Lgoty)
Aleksander-Kwaterczak U., Ciszewski D.
Górnictwo i Geologia
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2012
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T. 7, z. 2
23-33
PL
Przeprowadzono badania profili gleb w rejonie Lgoty w południowej części Wyżyny Olkuskiej na obszarze o długoletniej historii wydobycia i przetwórstwa rud cynkowo-ołowiowych. Profile zostały wykonane w sąsiedztwie zwałów poeksploatacyjnych, znajdujących się przy dawnych szybach wydobywczych tzw. warpiach. Na podstawie otrzymanych wyników oznaczeń stwierdzono wysokie koncentracje metali, głównie cynku, kadmu i ołowiu (odpowiednio 119,3-31 816, 1,7-741,9 oraz 43,3-8583 mg/kg), pozostające jednakże w ścisłym związku ze składem petrograficznym podłoża. Dobre właściwości buforowe gruntów, pH powyżej neutralnego oraz pokrycie zwartą roślinnością powodują, że obszar ten nie wymaga rekultywacji.
EN
Researches of soil profiles were conducted at Lgota in the southern part of Olkusz Upland in southern Poland, with a long history of mining and processing of zinc-lead ores. Profiles were outcropped at waste dump sites located at former shafts called "warpie". The analyses exhibit high heavy metal concentrations, particularly of Zn (119.3-31 816 mg/kg) of Cd (1.7-741.9 mg/kg) and of Pb (43.3-8583 mg/kg), which correspond with petrography of profiles. Good buffer properties, pH over neutral as well as dense plant cover make soil reclamation not necessary.
8
Content available remote Phyto- and zooplankton in fishponds contaminated with heavy metal runoff from a lead-zinc mine
Wilk-Woźniak E., Pociecha A., Ciszewski D., Aleksander-Kwaterczak U., Walusiak E.
Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies
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2011
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Vol. 40, No.4
77-85
EN
This investigation focused on plankton inhabiting fishponds, which previously received mine waters from the lead-zinc mine ‘Matylda’, located in southern Poland (Upper Silesia). The purpose of the investigation was to study the effects of chronic and persistent contamination of fishpond bottom sediments with heavy metals originated from the lead and zinc mine. The phytoand zooplankton in the four fishponds were dominated by diatoms, green algae and rotifers. Plankton composition of the reference non-contaminated pond was different, since Chrysophytes dominated, and Copepoda were the most numerous among zooplankton. In the contaminated fishponds, we observed teratological forms, both for phyto-and zooplankton species, but only as individuals. Our results showed that planktonic communities had adapted to chronic and persistent heavy metal contamination.
9
Content available remote Wpływ historycznej działalności kopalni rud Zn-Pb w Chrzanowie na stan środowiska wodnego doliny Matyldy
Aleksander-Kwaterczak U., Ciszewski D., Szarek-Gwiazda E., Kwandrans J., Wilk-Woźniak E., Waloszek A.
Górnictwo i Geologia
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2010
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T. 5, z. 4
21-30
PL
Przeprowadzono standardową analizę wody oraz określono zawartości metali ciężkich w wodach, osadach i wybranych gatunkach roślin, pobranych ze stawów oraz ze strumienia Matylda w rejonie dawnej kopalni rud Zn-Pb Matylda w Chrzanowie. Mimo niemal 40 lat od zamknięcia kopalni koncentracje Zn, Cd i Pb wodzie i roślinach są wciąż bardzo wysokie, a w osadach przekraczają nawet 1000 razy wartości tła geochemicznego.
EN
Standard analyze of water and heavy metals content in waters, sediments and selected plant species were carried out in the fish ponds and the Matylda stream in proximity to former Zn-Pb ore mine Matylda in Chrzanów. Despite almost 40 years since closure of the mine, sediments, waters and plants are strongly polluted by Zn, Cd and Pb with sediment concentrations exceeding even 1000 times geochemical background.
10
Content available Zanieczyszczenie osadów rzecznych w krajach Unii Europejskiej i ich znaczenie w zarządzaniu w systemie zlewniowym
Helios-Rybicka E., Aleksander-Kwaterczak U.
Geologia / Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie
|
2009
|
T. 35, z. 2/1
243-252
EN
Status of WFD sediment issues in EU and requirements for decision-making for sediment management at the river basin scale are described. This work reviews the river sediments contamination with heavy metals from historical contaminated areas in Europe. The distribution of metals concentration in the Elbe, and Oder Rivers sediments showed that their sources are the former and present mining and smelting activities.
11
Content available remote Rozmieszczenie metali ciężkich w pionowych profilach osadów rzecznych Małej Panwi
Aleksander-Kwaterczak U., Helios-Rybicka E.
Geologia / Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie
|
2004
|
T. 30, z. 2
153-164
PL
Przeprowadzono badania zawartości: Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni i Pb w pionowych profilach osadów pobranych z rzeki Małej Panwi. W celu określenia mobilności metali zastosowano analizę wielostopniowej ekstrakcji chemicznej. Otrzymane wyniki pozwoliły określić rozmieszczenie metali ciężkich w osadach, a także ocenić możliwości ich migracji do wód podziemnych. Badane osady charakteryzują się zróżnicowanym stopniem zanieczyszczenia metalami w zależności od lokalizacji; zawartości w poziomach powierzchniowych są generalnie wyższe niż w warstwach niżej leżących. Spośród badanych najsilniej toksycznych metali najwyższe zawartości stwierdzono w przypadku: Cd, Cu, Pb i Zn, mieszczące się odpowiednio w granicach [mg/kg]: 0.2-559; 4-483; 26-3309; 126-11153. Cynk i kadm występują przede wszystkim w formach łatwo mobilnych, tj. jonowymiennych, węglanowych i łatwo redukowalnych, natomiast Pb i Cu w formach średnio redukowalnych. Względne ilości poszczególnych form związania metali nie zmieniają się istotnie z głębokością badanych profili osadów.
EN
Sediment cores were taken form the Mała Panew River at the Upper Silesia area to determine the heavy metal content in their different depth sections. The results of sequential extraction procedure are reported in order of evaluate the metals mobility. The obtained results was used to estimate the distribution of metals in the sediment depth profiles and their possible migration into groundwater system. Distribution of metals is very variable and depends on both a metal and a sampling point. The metal contents in surface sediment layers are generally higher than those in deeper ones. The highest content of toxic metals was determined for Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn, which ranged [mg/kg]: 0.2-559; 4-483; 26-3309; 126-11153 respectively. The most mobile metal forms i.e. exchangeable, carbonatic and easily reducible are typical for Zn and Cd. Lead and copper are mainly associated with the moderately reducible fraction. The relative portions of metals form are not significantly varied with depth in the sediment profile.
12
Content available remote Rozkład zawartości metali ciężkich pomiędzy frakcje ziarnowe w osadach dennych rzeki Odry
Aleksander-Kwaterczak U., Sikora W.S., Wójcik R.
Geologia / Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie
|
2004
|
T. 30, z. 2
165-174
PL
Zbadano pylasto-piaszczyste osady denne rzeki Odry o zróżnicowanym rozkładzie wielkości ziaren. Zawartość Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb i Zn oznaczono we frakcjach ziarnowych. Badane osady zawierają metale ciężkie w zróżnicowanych ilościach. Ich zawartość z reguły wzrasta od frakcji najgrubszej do najdrobniejszej. W ogólnej zawartości poszczególnych metali w osadzie największy udział ma frakcja najgrubsza lub najdrobniejsza. Łącznie wnoszą one do osadu średnio ok. 75% metalu. Zawartość poszczególnych metali w osadzie zależy liniowo od ich ładunku wnoszonego przez frakcje drobniejsze od 0.1 mm. W większości przypadków jest ona też zależna od udziału tych frakcji w osadach (prosta zależność) oraz udziału frakcji najgrubszej (zależność odwrotna), a w przypadku Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb i Zn również od zawartości metali w najgrubszej frakcji.
EN
Silty-sandy bottom sediments of the Odra River (of various grain-size distribution) were investigated. Samples contain differentional amounts of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Heavy metals concentrations increase with decreasing grain size. Heavy metals contents in raw sediments are significantly influenced by two grain-size fractions: the coarsest one (2-0.2 mm) and/or the finest one (<0.2 mm). They contribute together to the metal content in sediment, in average, 75 wt. %. Metal concentration in raw sediment depends on the contribution of the grain-size fractions finer than 0.1 mm to its content in the raw sediment. In most cases it depends on content of this fine fractions in sediment (positive relation) and content of the coarsest one (negative relation). Concentration of Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in raw sediment depends on their concentration in the coarsest fraction, too.
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