The paper analyses traffic organisation at non-signalised intersections. In such locations, the use of correct road signs is crucial. Traffic engineers should consider a balance between traffic fluency and safety. Sometimes, limited visibility necessitates the use of a ‘stop’ sign. The paper includes case studies for selected intersections in the Silesia Province, Poland.
Increased interest in development of alternative fuels used to power combustion engines is caused by excessive use of fuels obtained from mineral sources. Depletion of resources, political aspects as well as the negative impact on the environment are commonly discussed issues in relation to fossil fuels. On the other hand, biodegradability, lower toxic components emissions and interchangeability with mineral fuels are commonly described benefits related to biodiesel, interpreted as fatty acid methyl esters obtained from fatty raw material. Also the multiplicity of raw materials that can be used for production promotes popularization of the biodiesel. However the variety of raw materials can have significant impact on the number of physicochemical properties of alternative fuels due to the differences in molecular structures forming given type of raw material. The article presents analysis of properties of different types of biodiesel and its mixtures with diesel according to the outlines presented in the quality standards for mineral and alternative fuels. Alternative fuels were produced in the laboratory setup from swine, poultry, rape and sunflower fatty raw material. Such parameters as: density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, acid value, oxidation stability, cold filter plugging point, sulphur content, water content and total contamination were examined, based on the results, the quality of the biofuels was evaluated. Study confirms that biofuels derived from plant origin fatty raw material present favorable results in the aspect water content, total contamination, acid value and cold flow properties, thus biofuels derived from animal origin raw fatty material presents lower density and sulphur content.
Development of IoT is tightly coupled with the use of the wireless communication solutions. Nowadays there are several standard wireless protocols, which are responsible for carrying information. The increase of the communication traffic tends to specialize the kind of used data interchange methods for the sake of demanded size of data packet, frequency of connections, meaning of the data, security and safety of the transmission as well as many others. One of the intensively spreading wireless networks is LoRaWAN. Because of its low energy consumption, long distance range, and high flexibility, it seems to be very effective solution to apply in the field of road traffic. The article presented the base features of LoRaWAN as well as the conception of virtual local traffic system based on the data yield from the board systems of cars. Accessed from OBD information about f. e.g. temporary cars speed or accelerations associated with their current position can be significant factor in creating the real image of the traffic situation.
The use of renewable fuels can reduce consumption of fossil fuels as well as diversify the range of alternative energy carriers. The advantage of biofuels is that they can be obtained from waste materials. Biofuels derived from vegetable or animal raw fatty material, as a result of transesterification, are characterized by similar physicochemical properties to mineral diesel fuel in terms of quality standards, however the fatty acid composition of the raw material can significantly influence exhaust gas emissions. The aim of the research is to determine the impact of the origin of various renewable biocomponents on exhaust gasses concentration emitted by compression ignition engine. The tests were conducted on a Common Rail, direct injection engine, operating under steady state conditions. Two kinds of biofuels produced from different fatty raw materials (rapeseed oil and swine lard) were used. All the experiments were performed on fuels containing a total of 50% biocomponent shares admixed to commercial diesel fuel. The tested samples included both: binary and ternary mixtures. During the experiments the differences in: hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides concentrations were examined as a result of different fuel composition. The study shows that the best results were achieved for fuel containing both plant and animal biocomponents.
The paper presents the concept of a protective structure in the form of a prefabricated reinforced concrete protective dome intended for protection of a single critical infrastructure facility [1]. Unlike non-movable cast-in-place reinforced concrete structures, the protective structure can be assembled and disassembled repeatedly with the use of dedicated joining sockets. To provide the concept with a high mobility, the dimensions of single modules of the prefabricated reinforced concrete protective dome meet the transport limits dictated by the horizontal and vertical clearance of roads. A numerical computational analysis facilitated a determination of the distribution of internal forces in the protective stricture and dimensioning of the required reinforcement system [3]. The computations included standardized cases of steady and dynamic loads, and combinations thereof, complete with parameters of dynamic loads from an explosion impulse.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono propozycję konstrukcji ochronnej, w postaci prefabrykowanej kopuły żelbetowej, do ochrony obiektu infrastruktury krytycznej [1]. Możliwość wielokrotnego montażu i demontażu tej konstrukcji, zamiast możliwej do zastosowania jednokrotnego konstrukcji w technologii monolitycznej, zapewnia użycie specjalnych gniazd połączeniowych. W celu zapewnienia dużej mobilności proponowanego rozwiązania przyjęto wymiary pojedynczych elementów spełniające wymagania dla transportu mieszczącego się w wymiarach skrajni drogowej. Numeryczna analiza obliczeniowa pozwoliła na wyznaczenie rozkładu sił wewnętrznych w konstrukcji oraz na zwymiarowanie wymaganego zbrojenia [3]. W obliczeniach tych zastosowano normatywne przypadki obciążeń stałych i zmiennych oraz ich kombinacje, uwzględniając parametry dynamicznego obciążenia impulsem wybuchu.
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This article presents the design of the device with active electrodes to examine the landfill and flood embankments. The presented solution was based on electrical resistance tomography (ERT). The basic information about the built model system is given. There was described the concept of active electrodes and measuring equipment for data acquisition. Electrical resistance tomography, which is based on measuring potential difference, can be used to calculate conductivity. The problem depends on the fact that every material has unique conductance. Its aim was to verify the repeatability of test results by eliminating laboratory equipment, and to validate the use of simple and cheap electronics to the structure of the ERT.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono projekt urządzenia z aktywnymi elektrodami w celu zbadania składowisk odpadów i wałów przeciwpowodziowych. Przedstawione rozwiązanie oparte jest na elektrycznej tomografii rezystancyjnej (ERT). Podano podstawowe informacje o zbudowanym modelu systemu. Opisano koncepcję aktywnych elektrod i przyrządów pomiarowych do gromadzenia danych. Do obliczania konduktywności została zastosowana elektryczna tomografia rezystancyjna, która oparta jest na pomiarze różnicy potencjałów. W zagadnieniu tym, problem polega na tym, że każdy materiał ma unikalną przewodność. Celem zbudowanego systemu z urządzeniem ERT jest zweryfikowanie powtarzalności wyników testów poprzez wyeliminowanie sprzętu laboratoryjnego w bezpośrednich pomiarach środowiskowych.
This article presents the design of the device with active electrodes to examine the flood embankment. There was discussed the method of determining the conductivity. The presented solution was based on electrical impedance tomography. There was described the concept of active electrodes and measuring equipment for data acquisition. Electrical impedance tomography, which is based on measuring potential difference, can be used to calculate conductivity. The problem depends on the fact that every material has unique conductance.
PL
W tym artykule przedstawiono konstrukcję urządzenia z aktywnymi elektrodami do badania stanu wału przeciwpowodziowego. Omówiono metodę wyznaczania konduktywności. Prezentowane rozwiązanie zostało oparte na elektrycznej tomografii impedancyjnej. Opisano koncepcję aktywnych elektrod i sprzętu pomiarowego do akwizycji danych. Elektryczna tomografia impedancyjna, która jest oparta na pomiarze różnicy potencjałów może być użyta do pomiaru konduktywności. Sposób, w jaki może być zdefiniowany polega na tym, że każdy materiał ma unikalną przewodność.
The parametric and semantic model of open platform of intelligent devices and sensor technologies based on tomography in cyber-physical selfmonitoring system contains: new techniques of conducting measurements and construction of novel intelligent measurement devices, system's structure along with communication interface, unique algorithms for data optimization and analysis, algorithms for image reconstruction and technological processes monitoring, cyber-physical system's prototype.
PL
Parametryczno-semantyczny model otwartej platformy inteligentnych urządzeń sensorowych został oparty na technologiach tomograficznych. W samo-monitorującym się systemie cyber-fizycznym zastosowano nowe techniki pomiarowe i konstrukcje inteligentnych urządzeń pomiarowych. Proponowane rozwiązanie prototypu systemu cyber-fizycznego składa się z interfejsu komunikacyjnego, unikalnych algorytmów do optymalizacji i analizy danych oraz systemu monitoringu procesów logistyczno-technologicznych.
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Multi-phase flow measurement technologies are still built and improved. There is a clear trend in the industry to implement more optimum related functions, where the focus is put on an active control and the monitoring system. Control related active optimum functions can only be realised with a system that allows the electronic control. Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is a method of imaging cross-sections of vessels and pipelines containing dielectric material. Permittivity distribution is determined with a multi-electrode sensor and interpreted by software. This paper provides description of the device as well as results of exemplary measurements.
PL
Technologie pomiarowe przepływu wielofazowego są wciąż budowane i ulepszane. Istnieje wyraźna tendencja w przemyśle do realizacji funkcji związanych z bardziej optymalnym sterowaniem, w którym nacisk kładziony jest na aktywną kontrolę i system monitoringu. Optymalizacja funkcji do aktywnej kontroli może być realizowana tylko w systemie, który umożliwia sterowanie elektroniczne. Elektryczna tomografia pojemnościowa (ETP) jest metodą obrazowania przekrojów naczyń i rurociągów zawierających materiał dielektryczny. Przenikalność elektryczna jest wyznaczana za pomocą czujnika wieloelektrodowego i interpretowana przez oprogramowanie. Niniejszy dokument zawiera opis urządzenia, jak również przykładowe wyniki pomiarów.
In this paper it is shown that M class PMU (Phasor Measurement Unit) reference model for phasor estimation recommended by the IEEE Standard C37.118.1 with the Amendment 1 is not compliant with the Standard. The reference filter preserves only the limits for TVE (total vector error), and exceeds FE (frequency error) and RFE (rate of frequency error) limits. As a remedy we propose new filters for phasor estimation for M class PMU that are fully compliant with the Standard requirements. The proposed filters are designed: 1) by the window method; 2) as flat-top windows; or as 3) optimal min-max filters. The results for all Standard compliance tests are presented, confirming good performance of the proposed filters. The proposed filters are fixed at the nominal frequency, i.e. frequency tracking and adaptive filter tuning are not required, therefore they are well suited for application in lowcost popular PMUs.
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W pracy przedstawiono wpływ prędkości obrotowej bębna sitowego na proces wydzielania mas czterech frakcji z mieszaniny czyszczonej. Badano sztucznie zanieczyszczoną mieszaninę ziarna jęczmienia. Celem badań było sprawdzenie przydatności rotacyjnego urządzenia czyszczącego do czyszczenia ziarna jęczmienia.
EN
The paper presents the influence of the rotational speed of the sieve drum on the process of mass separation of the four fractions of the cleaned mixture. The artificially contaminated mixture of barley grains was examined. The aim of the study was to analyze the suitability of the rotary cleaning device for cleaning the barley grain.
W artykule opisano elementy integrujące magazyn zarządzany nadrzędnymi programami informatycznymi. Wskazano przesłanki wykorzystania programu WMS oraz ERP. Opisano systemy automatycznej identyfikacji ładunków RFID oraz technikę rozpoznawania drukowanego testu. Na przykładzie opisano architekturę oraz działanie systemu automatycznej wymiany danych EDI. Zamieszczono najczęściej stosowane kody paskowe oraz technologią identyfikacji bezstykowej RFID zapisu oraz odczytu danych przy pomocy fal radiowych.
EN
The article describes the elements that integrate the warehouse managed overriding informatics programs. Indicated evidence of using and WMS and ERP systems. Described automatic identification systems RFID cargo and technique it recognize printed the test. For example describes the architecture and operation of the system of automatic exchange of EDI date. It contains the bridge commonly used barcodes and RFID contactless identification technology write and read date using waves radio.
The modern vehicles demand more and more data exchange to coordinate, control and monitor functions of on board system. The variety of networks applied in these systems is featured mainly by the bandwidth and time determinism. The development electronic information and network sciences find its reflection in the new and new automotive implementations. The last significant step towards the increase the throughout put of the on board network channels are works on CAN-FD. CAN is now the most common network present on board. It helps to manage the maintenance with the numerous subassemblies of the modern car. Next to the many features making CAN so useful and popular, there is a bandwidth limitation, which slows down further implementation of it. The new CAN-FD specification adds new properties that extend the possibilities of CAN as automotive network protocol. These are: different speed transmission in the arbitration phase and in the data phase during the message transmission as well as the extending the maximum size of data filed of the frame from 8 (CAN) to 64 (CAN-FD). In the paper there have been presented the limitations of existing CAN protocol usage, the explanation of the basics of the arbitration mechanisms and the response of the scientist and engineers to cope with it, as well as the formal result outlined in the CAN-FD specification.
Biodiesel is widely perceived as a source of ecological energy used to power compression ignition engines as an alternative to fossil fuels. Depletion of fossil fuels and increasing environmental awareness of society has led to an increased demand for energy derived from renewable sources. This phenomenon requires acquisition of raw material used for biofuel production. In order avoid controversies related to misuse of edibles; sources of biofuel production should be viewed as inedible or waste materials. This paper presents an analysis of possible sources of animal material intended for biofuel production. An examination of the quality assessment for biofuels obtained in the laboratory setup, produced from swine lard and turkey fat is presented. The results have been compared to rapeseed biofuel and commercial diesel fuel as fuels commonly used to power compression ignition engines. The paper concerns an examination of pure biofuels and their mixtures with commercial diesel fuel in three different proportions. Parameters such as density, viscosity, acid value, cold filter plugging point, oxidation stability, sulphur content, total contamination, water content and flash point has been examined according to procedures outlined in the PN-EN 14214 Standard. Based on the results, biofuels and their mixtures have been analysed for use in compression ignition engines.
Artykuł przedstawia analizę zastosowania nowoczesnych technologii podczas wykonywania nawierzchni drogowych obiektów mostowych. Analiza ta została przeprowadzona w ramach pracy końcowej współautorki, w której oceniono możliwości zastosowania mieszanek mineralno-asfaltowych porowatych do budowy nawierzchni drogowych obiektów mostowych. Ocenę oparto o wyniki badań laboratoryjnych wybranych mieszanek mineralno-asfaltowych porowatych, przy uwzględnieniu różnych właściwości materiałowych, takich jak określenie: zawartości wolnych przestrzeni w MMA, spływności lepiszcza, wrażliwości na działanie wody i mrozu, ubytku ziaren w mieszance. Całość badań laboratoryjnych zakończyła się zaprojektowaniem dwóch mieszanek mineralno-asfaltowych porowatych.
EN
The article concerns the analysis of the use of modern technology while paving the road bridges. It shall assess the possibility of using porous asphalt paving of road bridges. Based on the results of laboratory tests of selected porous asphalt, such as: determination of free space in the mixture of mineral-asphalt, runoff of the binder, sensitivity to water and frost, the loss of grains in the mixture, the design of porous asphalt mixture has been completed.
This paper presents a new, nondestructive method of testing brick wall dampness in wall structures. The setup was used to determine the moisture in a specially built laboratory model. Topological methods and the gradient technique are used to optimize the approach. A forward model of a wall was constructed to solve the inverse problem resulting in moisture buildup inside the wall.
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki zastosowania okna czasowego o płaskiej charakterystyce amplitudowej do obliczania fazora w sieciach elektroenergetycznych. Otrzymane wyniki porównano do wyników uzyskanych dla okna prostokątnego i okna Hanna. Do określenia właściwości porównywanych metod obliczeniowych wykorzystano niektóre z testów zgodności standardu IEEE Standard for Synchrophasor Measurements for Power Systems, oraz zdefiniowane tam błędy TVE (total vector error) i FE (frequency error). Otrzymane wyniki wskazują, że okna o płaskiej charakterystyce widmowej pozwalają istotnie poprawić dokładność estymacji fazora zwłaszcza w stanie ustalonym.
EN
This paper presents results of direct phasor estimation by DFT with application of flat-top windows. Results obtained with rectangular window and Hann window are also presented for comparison. The quality of the phasor estimation is evaluated by TVE (total vector error) and FE (frequency error) as defined in the IEEE Standard for Synchrophasor Measurements for Power Systems. The application of flat-top windows resulted in significant reduction of TVE in steadystate compliance tests. For actual frequency fin=50±2,5 Hz maximum TVE was reduced about 30 times as compare to Hann window. The smallest maximum FE errors were also obtained for flat-top window. In dynamic compliance tests flat-top windows performed only slightly better than Hann window and rectangular window in frequency estimation, and maximum TVE error is even slightly higher than for rectangular window for modulating frequency above 2,5 Hz. Straightforward computation of the phasor based on one DFT bin has computational complexity N. Application of FFT algorithms is not advised, because only one DFT bin is required. The phasor may be computed on sample by sample basis by discrete time convolution with FIR filter. In that case reporting frequency is the same as the sampling frequency of the signal.
Modern production technology requires new ways of surface examination and a special kind of surface profile parameters. Industrial quality inspection needs to be fast, reliable and inexpensive. In this paper it is shown how stochastic surface examination and its proper parameters could be a solution for many industrial problems not necessarily related with smoothing out a manufactured surface. Burnishing is a modern technology widely used in aircraft and automotive industries to the products as well as to process tools. It gives to the machined surface high smoothness, and good fatigue and wear resistance. Every burnished material behaves in a different manner. Process conditions strongly influence the final properties of any specific product. Optimum burnishing conditions should be preserved for any manufactured product. In this paper we deal with samples made of conventional tool steel – Sverker 21 (X153CrMoV12) and powder metallurgy (P/M) tool steel – Vanadis 6. Complete investigations of product properties are impossible to perform (because of constraints related to their cost, time, or lack of suitable equipment). Looking for a global, all-embracing quality indicator it was found that the correlation function and the frequency analysis of burnished surface give useful information for controlling the manufacturing process and evaluating the product quality. We propose three new indicators of burnishing surface quality. Their properties and usefulness are verified with the laboratory measurement of material samples made of the two mentioned kinds of tool steel.
Usługi kurierskie są szczególną grupą usług pocztowych. Zmiany zachodzące w gospodarce światowej związane z globalizacją transportu powodują, iż logistyka i transport nabierają większego znaczenia w zakresie organizacji i zarządzania przepływami towarów przy ograniczaniu kosztów i czasu usługi transportowej. W Polsce rynek usług KEP (przesyłki Kurierskie, Ekspresowe i Paczkowe), zapoczątkowany został we wczesnych latach 90-tych XX wieku i rozwija się dynamicznie do dnia dzisiejszego. Usługi te obejmują wiele grup ładunków i oferują klientom serwis dopasowany do ich specyfiki. W artykule przedstawiono istotę, uwarunkowania oraz specyfikę funkcjonowania branży kurierskiej, a także jej tendencje rozwojowe. Zwrócono uwagę na rolę, jaką odgrywa branża kurierska w gospodarce całego kraju.
EN
Courier services are a special group of postal services. Changes in the global economy of globalization transport cause that logistics and transport are becoming more important in the organization and management of flows of goods by reducing the time and cost of transport services. In Poland, the market for Courier, Express and Parcel Delivery Services was initiated in the early 90s of the twentieth century and is developing rapidly till now. These services include many groups of goods and they offer customers a service tailored to their specific needs. The article presents the essence, conditions and specific functioning of the courier industry and their development tendencies. Attention was drawn to role of the courier industry in the economy of the entire country.
Intensywny rozwój turystyki wodnej w ostatnich latach przyczynia się do powstawania nowych problemów logistycznych w tej dziedzinie. Jednym z takich problemów jest kwestia skutecznego zarządzania flotami jachtów czarterowych w aspekcie wsparcia technicznego dla klienta. W pracy przedstawiono projekt, sieci komunikacyjnej urządzeń pokładowych przeznaczonej dla małych jednostek pływających. Sieć oparta została o nowy standard elektroniki morskiej NMEA 2000, bazujący na magistrali CAN (Controller Area Network). Przedyskutowano problemy instalacyjne i przedstawiono przykładowy dobór elementów takiej sieci. Projekt zapewnia nowe funkcjonalności użytkowe na pokładzie jednostki oraz umożliwia centralną akwizycję danych ze wszystkich systemów i elementów sensorycznych jachtu, jako element wsparcia serwisu technicznego.
EN
Intensive development of waterborne tourism in recent years generates new logistical problems in this field. One of such problems is that of efficient management of charter yachts fleets in terms of technical support for the customer. The paper presents the design of an on-board communication network dedicated for small recreational vessels. The network is based on the new standard for marine electronics - NMEA 2000, which implements the CAN (Controller Area Network) architecture. Installation problems have been discussed and an exemplary selection of the elements of such network has been presented. The project provides new features in terms of exploitation comfort of the craft and provides central data acquisition from all systems and sensory components, as part of a maintenance support.
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