Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Skały w romańskich murach Małopolski

Bromowicz Jan, Magiera Janusz

Przegląd Geologiczny

|

2023

|

Vol. 71, nr 11

567--575

EN

Early medieval Małopolska (Lesser Poland) covered regions with diverse geologi¬cal structures and, therefore, various rocks of different suitability for the construction, shown up on the surface. Masonry skills of historical builders changed with time. So did their preferences in choosing the rocks and stones of mechanical properties optimal for the stone- masonry techniques of the time and mechanical resistance. Below, we present the rocks that were chosen by the stonemasons, usually foreign, to build what were often the first stone buildings there. We present the preferences and skills of contemporary builders, changing over time, regarding the proper selection of rocks with the desired properties, ensuring sufficient resistance to destruction while allowing the use of an appropriate method of stone processing. An inventory of stones in the available fragments of the walls was made, and their structural and textual features and petrographic composition were identified. Measurements of the size of stone elements in the faces of the walls were also made. Based on the analysis of the geological structure of the building's surroundings, the most probable sources of origin of the rocks used and, if possible, their basic physical and mechanical properties are provided. The order was established in which different rocks were used to obtain the desired effects. It depended on the possibility of obtaining them in particular regions. It was shown that the distance of the construction site from the out¬crops of the rocks used did not exceed 25 km. Examples of the use of different rock properties in various architectural solutions are given.

2

Historia zapisana w kamieniu romańskiej kolegiaty pw. św. Marcina w Opatowie

Magiera Janusz, Bromowicz Jan

Przegląd Geologiczny

|

2023

|

Vol. 71, nr 1

12--18

EN

Romanesque collegiate church in Opatów (south-eastern Poland) belongs to the best-preserved Early Mediaeval edifices in Poland. Its date of origin, founder, architects and history are still unclear despite numerous investigations carried out since the beginning of the 19 th century. It is clear that local sandstones were used in the construction of the impressive church. Present investigations resulted in the inventory of the stones used as a building material: their petrography, size of blocks and strange holes and striae on some of their surfaces. Dominant sandstones have different colours: white-greyish or grey-brownish. They are built of very fine-grained, well sorted quartz with siliceous-clayey binder. All sandstone blocks have similar heights (most frequent average 34–38 cm), but different lengths. Longer (up to 62 cm) are placed in the oldest parts of the edifice, shorter (up to 48 cm) form younger fragments and might have been reused after destruction of previous undefined buildups. The sandstones represent Lower Jurassic sediments exposed currently on the slopes of the Opatówka River valley in Podole, some 5 km NE of Opatów. Only a few sherry (reddish) sandstone blocks found in various parts of the walls are probably replacements during post-Romanesque reconstructions. They represent Lower Triassic sandstone from Lipowa, 3 km NE of Opatów. Lancetoidal grooves, 5–20 cm long, and hemispherical holes of 1–4 cm in diameter are apparently of anthropogenic origin (apotropaic marks); however, their purpose is unclear. It is supposed that the grooves are traces of tool sharpening or grinding, while the holes are places where sandy or dusty material was acquired for magical or medical purposes.

3

Kamienie i znaki apotropaiczne w murach romańskich kościołów w Siewierzu i Mokrsku Dolnym

Bromowicz Jan, Magiera Janusz

Przegląd Geologiczny

|

2022

|

Vol. 70, nr 2

91--99

EN

Sacral edifices, in particular churches, no matter an epoch, were created of the most imposing and durable building material, mostly stone, available in the area or imported. Identification of the stone is crucial for conservation and reconstruction. However, in many cases, it is not done properly. Thorough mineral and geological studies on the stones and their provenance are thus strongly advisable. Romanesque churches in Siewierz and Mokrsko have recently been subject to such studies. They are located in different geological regions, which obviously reflected in different stones used for their construction. Church in Siewierz (founded probably at the beginningof the twelfth century) was constructed mainly of well-shaped regular blocks of local “Diplopora” dolomite (Middle Triassic). Only a few (out of a few hundred) blocks represent sandstone. Their provenance is unclear (Carboniferous or Lower Triassic sandstones that occur SW of Siewierz?). Church in Mokrsko (erected probably in the first quarter of the thirteenth century) was originally built of also well-shaped regular blocks of limestone and sandstone. They are: very typical for the area Pińczów (“Lithotamnium”), limestone (Neogene), and Upper Triassic sandstone. The former shows up on the surface a few km E of Mokrsko, the latter occurs ca 10 NE of the site. The distribution of the stones and sizes of the blocks shows some regularity. Bigger and of more uniform size blocks were used in the parts of the buildings located closer to the high altar, it is in the apse of the church in Siewierz and the presbytery in Mokrsko. It seems clearly connected with special attention paid to those parts of the temples. Moreover, resistant sandstone was used more frequently than soft limestone in lower parts of the walls in Mokrsko, more exposed to the action of water raised from the ground. Numerous caverns, holes, and crevices have been spotted on external surfaces of the dolomitic and sandstone blocks. Caverns in the dolomites (in Siewierz) developed naturally, while those in the sandstones (in Mokrsko) have obvious anthropogenic provenance. They are interpreted widely in the literature as apotropaic marks. Here it seems that excavation of stone sand and dust for magic consumption by humans or livestock or(and) ignition of holy fire could be reasons for the scratching and drilling.

4

Kamień podkrakowskich budowli romańskich

Bromowicz Jan, Magiera Janusz

Przegląd Geologiczny

|

2021

|

Vol. 69, nr 2

103--108

EN

Three objects were studied within a project aimed at investigation of stones used in the Romanesque edifices in the vicinity of Kraków, and continued since 2019. These are the churches in Dziekanowice (21 km SE of Kraków) and in Czchów (58 km SE of Kraków), and a clergy house in Morawica (13 W of the Kraków city centre). The church in Dziekanowice is relatively completely and well preserved, while the only Romanesque remnants of the church in Czchów are those reused in the Gothic church. It is a clergy house in Morawica (a former castle), whose walls contain Romanesque fragments. Two former edifices are built of the Istebna sandstone (Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene), quarried from the local flysch bedrock. Fine-grained, grey-yellowish stone dominates. It is soft and easily workable due to argillaceous binder (matrix). The stone blocks are precisely shaped and well fitted. Romanesque remnants of the clergy house in Morawica are con- structed predominantly of limestone, also of local origin. Only a fragment of the NW wall is built of the Istebna sandstone. This fragment is probably a part of the butress supporting the NW wall. The study shows that stonemasons and builders of that time had good skills of selecting and applying proper stone blocks for particular purposes. Blocks used in load-bearing structures were exceptionally well shaped and fitted. On the other hand, those skills varied. The frieze from the Romanesque church in Czchów is rather primitive. The size of limestone blocks used in the clergy house in Morawica is strikingly similar to those of various Romanesque edifices in Kraków. It seems, therefore, that those blocks could have been quarried and shaped in quarries located in the city, where the masonry “industry” was well developed. Larger, irregular blocks, used as foundations and filler in the “opus emplectum” type walls were probably quarried on site. Moreover, stones used in more eminent edifices (churches, castles) were probably more carefully selected. The Morawica castle (clergy house) and many churches in Kraków were built of limestone blocks without cherts.

5

Skały w architekturze podkrakowskich kościołów romańskich

Bromowicz Jan, Magiera Janusz

Przegląd Geologiczny

|

2019

|

Vol. 67, nr 9

728--735

EN

There are a few Romanesque churches (12th to mid of 13th century) located iin the close suburbs north ofKrakow which are not well known nor described, in contrast to the churches of this age located within the city. Three of them were the subject to the present study. All three churches are located close to each other, but the local geology and available building stones are different. The Romanesque walls of the Church in Prandocin are built of calcareous sandstone of light grayish shade (Neogene). Their exposures and probable past mining sites are located a few kilometers to the north of the church. Stone blocks are very neatly shaped and fitted, so the joints are smooth and very narrow. The church in Wysocice is built mainly of a local compact, white to grayish limestone with cherts (Upper Jurassic), with horizontal stripes made of a porous gray travertine (Quaternary?) adapted to retaining the wall. Sculptures are carved of a soft lithotamnium limestone (Pińczów, Leithakalk; Neogene). Both the compact Jurassic limestone and the soft Pińczów limestone are applied in the church of Kościelec Proszowicki. Decorative sculptures and carvings are made exclusively of the Pińczów limestone. The works in all three places were performed by masonry guilds, which searched for and quarried an appropriate stone material and treated it. Stonemasons had apparently high qualifications for selecting an appropriate material which, on one hand, fulfilled aesthetical requirements of the founder and, on the other, guaranteed durability of the whole structure.

6

Application of GPR and seismic methods for noninvasive examination of glacial and postglacial sediments in the Psia Trawka glade: the Tatra Mts., Poland

Tomecka-Suchoń Sylwia, Gołębiowski Tomisław, Dec Jerzy, Magiera Janusz

Acta Geophysica

|

2019

|

Vol. 67, no. 6

1777--1789

EN

Presented study gives an insight into general proportions of the actual geomorphology, subglacial morphology and thickness of the drift (quaternary sediments) particularly well-pronounced glacial morphology in the Tatras and, on the other hand, the general scarcity of the data in this field. Objectives of the geophysical survey in this study were imaging of the morphology of bedrock surface under the drift (glacial and postglacial) sediments and determination of thickness of the drift and its composition. Two methods were applied: Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and seismic refraction profiling. GPR was used to examine drift sediments due to its high resolution and low depth of penetration. Seismic method with lower resolution but higher penetration depth gave an image of boundary between bedrock and drift. In addition, the results of seismic tomography allowed the velocity field imaging which shows changes inside the postglacial deposits. The results of the two methods used in this research suggest that points of depression exist in the subglacial morphology with a depth of about c.a. 40 below the present-day terrain surface and c.a. 25 m below surrounding subglacial surface. This trough has also been estimated to be about 150 m wide. Its considerable depth and steep slopes show that its origin can be related to erosion of subglacial water during the decay of the last (Würm) glaciation of the Sucha Woda and Panszczyca valleys.