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1 Journal of Ecological Engineering

1 2025

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Removal of methyl violet dye by a photocatalytic process using variations of TiO2/zeolite synthesized from muscovite raw material

Fatimah Husnul, Taba Paulina, Fauziah St., Karim Abdul, Liong Syarifuddin, Kasim Syahruddin, Sultan Sahrul, Pardan Nur Akifah

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2025

Vol. 26, nr 5

73--86

The removal of methyl violet dye through a photocatalytic process has been successfully carried out. This study aimed to evaluate the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO2/zeolite catalysts in degrading methyl violet dye. Zeolites were synthesized from silica and aluminum sources derived from muscovite raw materials using the hydrothermal method, resulting in two types of zeolites: cancrinite (CAN) in synthesis A and analcime (ANA) in synthesis B. The zeolites were combined with anatase-phase TiO2 to form photocatalysts, with XRD analysis confirming the cubic structure of analcime and hexagonal cancrinite in the anatase phase. FTIR spectra showed sharp bands in the 468–1005 cm-1 wave number range. SEM analysis showed that TiO2/analcime exhibited a hexagonal morphology with a crystal size of 10.58 μm, while TiO2/cancrinite had a rod-shaped morphology with a crystal size of 21.3 μm. Surface area analysis showed that TiO2/ANA and TiO2/CAN had surface areas of 34.80 m2/g and 23.08 m2/g, respectively, with pore diameters > 2 nm, which confirmed their mesoporous nature based on the BJH method. UV-DRS analysis showed band gap energies of 3.13 eV for TiO2/ANA and 3.11 eV for TiO2/CAN. Photodegradation tests showed that the TiO2/ANA catalyst exhibited higher methyl violet degradation efficiency than TiO2/CAN. This study high-lighted the potential of TiO2/zeolite-based photocatalysts for effective treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater, contributing to environmental sustainability.