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State of the art review on air quality monitoring

Dziadak Bogdan, Jóśko Adam, Makowski Łukasz, Michalski Andrzej, Watral Zbigniew

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2022

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R. 98, nr 7

1--10

EN

This article gives a broad overview of common air pollutants mainly occurring in metropolitan environments. Starting from volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and ending with particles matter concentration (PM). The main characteristics of air pollutants and areas of occurrence are discussed. Special attention was given to the acceptable ranges of occurring contaminants by discussing the main EU/WHO normative recommendations. The main area of review of the state of the art in air pollution monitoring was limited to the last few years. The shown direction of development of modern measurement systems towards low-cost sensors working in the structures of the Internet of Things reflects the latest development trends in monitoring of climatic parameters.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono szeroki przegląd zanieczyszczeń powietrza występujących głównie w środowiskach miejskich. Począwszy od lotnych związków organicznych (LZO), a skończywszy na stężeniu cząstek stałych (PM). Omówiono główne cechy zanieczyszczeń powietrza i obszary ich występowania. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na dopuszczalne zakresy występujących zanieczyszczeń, omawiając główne zalecenia normatywne UE/WHO. Główny obszar przeglądu stanu wiedzy w zakresie monitoringu zanieczyszczeń powietrza ograniczono do ostatnich kilku lat. Wskazany kierunek rozwoju nowoczesnych systemów pomiarowych w kierunku tanich czujników pracujących w strukturach Internetu Rzeczy odzwierciedla najnowsze trendy rozwojowe w monitorowaniu parametrów klimatycznych.

2

Modelling particle deagglomeration in a batch homogenizer using full CFD and mechanistic models

Krzosa Radosław, Wojtas Krzysztof, Golec Jakub, Makowski Łukasz, Orciuch Wojciech, Adamek Radosław

Chemical and Process Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 42, nr 2

105–-118

EN

Modelling of titanium dioxide deagglomeration in the mixing tank equipped with a high shear impeller is presented in this study. A combination of computational fluid dynamics with population balance was applied for prediction of the final particle size. Two approaches are presented to solve population balance equations. In the first one, a complete population balance breakage kinetics were implemented in the CFD code to simulate size changes in every numerical cell in the computational domain. The second approach uses flow field and properties of turbulence to construct a mechanistic model of suspension flow in the system. Such approach can be considered as an attractive alternative to CFD simulations, because it allows to greatly reduce time required to obtain the results, i.e., the final particle size distribution of the product. Based on experiments shattering breakage mechanism was identified. A comparison of the mechanistic model and full CFD does not deviate from each other. Therefore the application of a much faster mechanistic model has comparable accuracy with full CFD. The model of particle deagglomeration does not predict a very fast initial drop of particle size, observed in the experiment, but it can predict, with acceptable accuracy, the final particle size of the product.

3

Computational fluid dynamics modelling of short timebottle filling process

Jałowiecka Monika, Makowski Łukasz

Chemical and Process Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 41, nr 2

143-–163

EN

Every change in the bottle geometry as well as every change of physical and rheological properties posesa risk of excessive gas entrainment during a filling process. To maintain satisfactory filling efficiencythere is a need to optimise this process with respect to all adverse phenomena which affect the fluidflow, such as spluttering on the bottom, air caverns formation and air entrainment with incoming liquid.This paper comprises numerical simulations of two filling methods. The first method involves dosingwith a pipe placed over the free liquid surface of a fully filled bottle. The second method covers fillingwith a pipe located near the bottom. Moreover, the influence of rheological properties and surfacetension values is considered. The comprehensive analysis of amount of entrained air represented byair volume fraction in dispensed liquid let the authors define the influence of filling speed on themechanism and amount of entrapped air.

4

Rozwój jednostki we wspólnocie społecznej - wyznacznik systemu społeczno-ekonomicznego

Makowski Łukasz

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Poznańskiej. Organizacja i Zarządzanie

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2019

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Nr 80

189--205

PL

W artykule zwrócono uwagę na znaczenie prawa naturalnego jako obiektywnego układu odniesienia dla kształtowania jakości życia człowieka i włączenia tej jakości w koncepcję rozwoju społeczno-ekonomicznego. Świadomość społeczna doceniająca dobro zawarte w prawie naturalnym może się manifestować w odpowiednich formach demokracji bezpośredniej, przyczyniających się do stworzenia właściwego ładu społeczno-ekonomicznego, który w obszarze rozwiązań ekonomicznych wymusi stosowanie założeń ekonomii społecznej. To one są podstawą dla zbudowania systemu społeczno-ekonomicznego wykorzystującego w rozwiązaniach ekonomicznych model społecznej gospodarki rynkowej. W opracowaniu wskazano niektóre atrybuty społecznej gospodarki rynkowej, a w sposób szczególny podkreślono konieczność uformowania nowej kategorii o charakterze makroekonomicznym - wartości społecznej. Jest to kategoria o fundamentalnym znaczeniu, spinająca w jedną całość procesy alokacyjne zasobów zarówno w wymiarze społecznym, jak i rynkowym.

EN

This paper draws attention to the importance of natural law, as an objective reference point shaping the quality of human life, and incorporating this quality into the socio-economic development concept. Social awareness that appreciates the good contained in natural law can manifest itself in respective forms of direct democracy. They will do much to further the socio-economic order, which in the area of economic solutions will enforce the assumptions of a social economy. These assumptions are the fundamentals for building a socio-economic system utilizing a social market economy model to develop economic solutions. This paper points to some features of a social market economy, and particularly underlines the necessity of forming a new category of a macroeconomic character - social value. This category is of fundamental importance as it links together various resource allocation processes, both in social and market terms.

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Otrzymywanie syntetycznych cząstek MoS2 za pomocą metody mokrej

Wojtalik Michał, Przybyt Przybysław, Zubańska Katarzyna, Żuchowska Monika, Bojarska Zuzanna, Arasimowicz-Andres Monika, Rożeń Antonii, Makowski Łukasz

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2019

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T. 98, nr 11

1817--1821

PL

Przedstawiono pełną procedurę otrzymywania syntetycznych nanocząstek disiarczku molibdenu za pomocą metody mokrej. W tym celu zastosowano roztwory heptamolibdenianu amonu, siarczku amonu oraz kwasu cytrynowego jako katalizatora reakcji. Proces prowadzono w sposób ciągły, stosując reaktory zderzeniowe. Podano metodę separacji MoS₂ z mieszaniny poreakcyjnej oraz jego krystalizacji. Przeprowadzono również badania nad potencjalnymi zastosowaniami uzyskanego produktu.

EN

(NH₄)₆Mo7O₂₄, (NH₄)₂S and citric acid solns. were introduced into the impinging jet reactor with coaxial and tangential type inlets to obtain MoS₂ nanoparticles. The resulting ppt. was washed with water, dried at 50oC for 24 h and calcined in a furnace under Ar for 1 h. The particle size distribution was detd. by using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer. Sepd. particles smaller than 300 nm were dispersed in engine oil and their effect on rheol. and tribol. properties was examd.

6

Graphene oxide-based nano-materials as catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction

Bojarska Zuzanna, Mazurkiewicz-Pawlicka Marta, Makowski Łukasz

Chemical and Process Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 40, nr 4

361–-376

EN

The aim of the presented research was to test different carbon supports, such as graphene oxide (GO), graphene oxide modified with ammonia (N-GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for catalysts used in a low-temperature fuel cell, specifically a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Modification of the carbon supports should lead to different catalytic activity in the fuel cell. Reduction of GO leads to partial removal of oxygen groups from GO, forming rGO. Modification of GO with ammonia results in an enrichment of GO structure with nitrogen. A thorough analysis of the used supports was carried out, using various analytical techniques, such as FTIR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis. Palladium and platinum catalysts deposited on these supports were produced and used for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Catalytic activity tests of the prepared catalysts were carried out in a home-made direct formic acid fuel cell (DFAFC). The tests showed that the enrichment of the GO structure with nitrogen caused an increase in the catalytic activity, especially for the palladium catalyst. However, reduction of GO resulted in catalysts with higher activity and the highest catalytic activity was demonstrated by Pt/rGO, because platinum is the most catalytically active metal for ORR. The obtained results may be significant for low-temperature fuel cell technology, because they show that a simple modification of a carbon support may lead to a significant increase of the catalyst activity. This could be useful especially in lowering the cost of fuel cells, which is an important factor, because thousands of fuel cells running on hydrogen are already in use in commercial vehicles, forklifts, and backup power units worldwide. Another method used for lowering the price of current fuel cells can involve developing new clean and cheap production methods of the fuel, i.e. hydrogen. One of them employs catalytic processes, where carbon materials can be also used as a support and it is necessary to know how they can influence catalytic activity.