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PL
Osadniki lamelowe stosowane są w dziedzinach, w których tradycyjnie stosowano sedymentacyjną metodę oczyszczania wód powodując podwyższenie skuteczności separacji zwłaszcza w zakresie cząstek drobnych. Dzięki temu, rozwiązanie to może zastępować hydrocyklony i filtry będące rozwiązaniami o znacznej energochłonności. Projektowanie osadników lamelowych jest jednak utrudnione ze względu na brak uniwersalnych, wystarczająco dokładnych metod obliczeniowych. Ten stan rzeczy skłonił do podjęcia badań i teoretycznej analizy procesu sedymentacji w osadnikach z wypełnieniem płytowym i profilowym o przepływie przeciwprądowym, współprądowym oraz krzyżowym. W efekcie opracowano jednolite ujęcie opisu procesowego w przypadku przepływu przeciwprądowego, współprądowego i krzyżowego w osadnikach z wypełnieniem, spełniających wymogi przemysłowe w zakresie parametrów technologicznych, procesowych i konstrukcyjnych, co daje podstawy racjonalnego doboru układu przepływowego.
EN
The paper presents the study of the process of particles separation from the polydisperse suspensions, carried out by means of different laboratory stands comprising of lamella and multichannel settlers with counter-current, co-current and cross-current flow regimes. Considering the velocity distribution and dimensional analysis of the phenomena, a validation of variant models of the process has been carried out based on the obtained results. Correlation of the experiment results, concerning different industrial suspensions, carried out according to the theoretical equations, gives considerably bad outcomes, much worse than these produced by the empirical equation (2). Furthermore, these theoretical models disable functional analysis of the parameters, having significant influence on the process, proved by the experiments. Design purposes are worth recommendation for the correlation equations, incorporating equivalent diameter of the particles or in particular, the criterion equations using fractional diameter for calculation of sedimentation systems with particle fractions grading. The analysis of the obtained exponents, points out a different effect of some dimensionless numbers observed by different hydraulic regimes, which favours the use of model based on criterion equation, validated by experiments. It is a consequence of good representativity of particle size distribution through the dz50 value as well as particularly through the application of fractional efficiency calculation method. The analysis of exponents, accompanying geometrical simplexes, favours the use of: counter-current systems; for separation of suspensions of high inlet concentrations of particles - producing sediment of significant thickness, due to the removal of clarified liquid carried on in the upper part, co-current systems; in case of suspensions of relatively low inlet concentration and particles of significant density, which enhances stable sliding down of sediment and limits disturbances related to reemission of deposit. Cross-current systems; for classification of suspensions of diversified grain fractions materials, with applying the short plates. ? hybrid systems are composed of inlet and outlet short multichannel packing but in the middle, decisive part of plate packing. such an arrangement favours the compensation of inlet velocity distribution, stabilises the sludge collection and simultaneously it supports all system in the upper part of the settler. That construction solution is especially recommended for large-size settlers alleviate the influence of inlet-outlet effects as well. Developed model of process efficiency and empirical criterion equations, validated on the basis of around 1000 experiments, prove certain universal features and represent sedimentation process run by three regimes, with a high accuracy. These equations, as distinct from theoretical models, enable accounting for specific characteristic parameters like: polydisperse nature of the system, including bimodal distribution, the influence of geometrical invariants, and enhance the selection of flow regime in relation to the character of the suspension. The elaborated equations, concerning the fractional efficiency, enable also the design and optimisation of the settler geometry, both one - and two-stage, as well as the particle classifiers. Furthermore, the received results enabled: formulation of the uniform process description; formulation of rational criteria for the selection of appropriate settler depending on characteristic parameters of the suspension; and finally - the industrial application of the settlers.
EN
In architecture, towering structures are defined as structures whose lateral dimensions are much smaller than the height and they work as a support restrained in the foundation. One of the assessments of the spatial behavior of these structures relates to the determination of spatial variation of the vertical axis from the project position. Without getting into the technique of carrying out the measurements (the classic method of surveying, the GPS-RTK technique), it is assumed that on the object are coordinates xi, yi, zi determined for a sufficiently large number of points that describe solid body of such buildings and which define the center of the structure on selected levels (e.g. at the level of each building floor). Based on calculated in such a way horizontal cross-section centers, it is proposed to determine the vertical axis as the intersection edge of two orthogonal, approximate planes and the parameters determining its slope in the space of the structure.
EN
Combustion of municipal and industrial waste is widely used method of utilization. However it is accompanied by a number of problems, mainly related to ensuring dequate calorific value and reducing emission of pollutants in the exhaust gas (dust, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, dioxins and PAHs).The designed waste incinerating plants equipped with complex systems of harmful compounds emission reduction, flue gas treatment and disposal of ashes accounts for 75% of the whole incinerating plant capital costs. The way to reduce costs can be a usage of the flue gas heat for drying specially preparated bed. This bed purifies flue gas from the dust and gas components and then undergoes co-combustion with waste, contributing to an increase of calorific value and stabilization of the combustion process. This paper presents potential use of the apparatus with sliding granular bed as a hybrid device for simultaneous removal of solid and gas pollutants from flue gas, as well as skin-drying of the bed. Finding this solution advisible, comprehensive process researches of the gas cleaning, drying and gas pressure drop across model granular beds have been carried out. The laboratory installation enabled measurement of gas cleaning effectiveness, rate of bed drying and gas pressure drop in its variables; flow velocity in the range of w0=<0.1...1>m/s, temperatures t=<90...190>deg. C dust concentration cp=<1...10>ź10-3 kg/m3 and also different parameters of the bed have been used. Based on the collected results, the criterion equations of gas cleaning process, drying and pressure drop for model granular beds have been developed. Research and analysis of the results showed that: 1) the drying of waste prior to their thermal disposal gives the possibility of increasing their calorific value for about 27÷30%, which translates directly into the calorific effect of the boiler, 2) the possibility to obtain the gas cleaning efficiency in the range of 60 to 99.9%. Such solution may be a first stage of dedusting or a final one, depending on the structure of bed, dust and gas properties and selected load of filtration surface as well as the sequences of apparatuses in the line of flue gas treatment from the municipal waste incinerating installation. Developed calculation methods are helpful in designing equipment for the beds drying and waste gases cleaning in the waste disposal process i.e.: in waste incinerating plants, in the plants of formed biofuel production, or when inert beds are used as high performance filter deduster especially in the case of high-temperature gases with recovery of the powdery product (eg. installation of Titanium White).
4
Content available remote Nowe rozwiązania aparaturowe w procesach ochrony środowiska
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki wybranych prac badawczych, wykonanych w Katedrze Aparatury Chemicznej i Procesowej Politechniki Śląskiej, ukierunkowanych na intensyfikację procesów separacji i wymiany masy, związanych z ochroną środowiska. Część tych prac znajduje się w fazie zakończonych badań procesowych, potwierdzających oczekiwane efekty a część doczekała się licznych wdrożeń przemysłowych.
EN
A review of Authors’ works covering designed and implemented units like dust collectors, a lamella settler, a controlled-gap plate column, and a pneumatic reactor used to desulfurize flue gases.
5
Content available remote Stateczność powłok antykorozyjnych w projektowaniu aparatów
PL
Artykuł prezentuje wytrzymałościową metodę doboru powłoki antykorozyjnej w aparatach przemysłu chemicznego i przemysłów pokrewnych. Opracowano procedurę wytrzymałościową integrującą wpływ obciążeń i elementarnych odkształceń powłok hybrydowych, przyjmując jako kryterium aplikacyjne stan stateczności powłoki antykorozyjnej.
EN
The paper presents the strength method of an anticorrosion coating selection in the apparatuses of chemical industry and of related ones. There has been worked out a procedure integrating the effect of loads and deformations of hybride coatings, assuming as the application criterion the stability state of an anticorrosive coating.
EN
The article presents investigations of absorption processes in cellular packing type columns. As a consequence of analysis of mass exchange processes with instantaneous, irreversible reaction and analysis of physical absorption with very good solubility of gas component the equations of mass transfer in the gas phase have been elaborated.
EN
This paper presents researches of ammonia and air mixing process in the static agitator of own construction with original mixing elements [1]. There have been also examined pressure drops of process media in the agitator. The equations useful in agitator designing for required process parameters have been elaborated.
PL
Zaprezentowano badania procesu separacji cząstek ciała stałego z zawiesiny, w osadniku z wypełnieniem płytowym, o krzyżowym przepływie faz. Przeprowadzono rozważania teoretyczne procesu dotyczące opisu skuteczności separacji w oparciu o rozkłady prędkości i model frakcyjny oraz zweryfikowano doświadczalnie opracowane zależności. Uzyskane rezultaty umożliwiły sformułowanie kryteriów racjonalnego doboru układu płytowego w zależności od charakterystycznych parametrów zawiesiny.
EN
This paper presents results of studies of solid particles separation process from suspension, in a lamella packing settler with cross flow of phases. Theoretical consideration of process, concerning description of separation efficiency on the basis of velocity distribution and fractional model has been carried out, as well as the experimental verification of elaborated dependencies. Obtained results have enabled formulating the criteria of rational selection of plate system depending on characteristic parameters of solution.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki teoretycznej i doświadczalnej analizy procesu sedymentacji w osadniku przepływowym z wypełnieniem lamelowym typu kanałowego. Badania prowadzono w aparacie osadczym przeciw- i współprądowym. Opracowano równania korelacyjne umożliwiające projektowanie osadników płytowych i wielokanałowych dla obu sposobów prowadzenia procesu.
EN
Results of theoretical and experimental analysis of sedimentation process in multichannel lamella packing settler have been shown in this paper. Studies were conducted in counter-current and co-current regime settlers. Correlation equations, which made possible design of plates and multi-channels type settlers for both flows have been developed.
PL
Przedstawiono syntezę wyników wieloletnich badań sedymentacji materiałów o parametrach charakterystycznych dla procesów oczyszczania wód I zawiesin technologicznych, przeprowadzonych na instalacjach modelowych. Zastosowano w eksperymentach układy lamelowe, wielokanałowe o zmiennej konfiguracji geometrycznej. Opierając się na modelu skuteczności frakcyjnej opracowano równania korelacyjne pozwalające projektować przemysłowe, wysokosprawne aparaty osadcze.
EN
There have been presented results of perennial studies of sedimentation process. Several materials of diversified parameters which are characteristic for water and technological treatment process have been examined by means of model installations. For experiments there have been used lamella and multichannels packing with different geometric configurations. The correlation equations enabling design of industrial and highly effective settlers have been elaborated on the basis of fractional effectiveness model.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono metodę komplementarnej utylizacji gazów odlotowych z instalacji mocznika, polegającą na procesach wykraplania amoniaku z mieszanki gazowej o właściowościach eksplozywnych oraz jego dalszej utylitarnej chemisorpcji. Zastosowana metoda, oparta na unikalnych rozwiązaniach aparaturowych, pozwoliła na zredukowanie amoniaku znacznie poniżej dopuszczalnej normy.
EN
The complementary utilization method of waste gases from carbamide installation is presented in this work. It is based on processes of ammonia condensation from gas mixture of explosive properties, and its further utilitarian chemisorption. The unique apparatus design enabled the ammonia emission reduction considerably below the permissible standards.
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