The chapter is devoted to the problem of eutrophication. Methods and parameters for its assessment are described. Furthermore, the eutrophication of the Baltic Sea is discussed in detailed. Finally, the semi-Markov model of the eutrophication process is proposed, and its characteristics are determined.
The food packaging material and its quality assessment based on permeability, tensile strength, swelling, transmittance, and biofilm formation are discussed in this chapter. The semi-Markov model of food packaging material quality change process is introduced and its characteristics are determined. Next, the safety and resilience indicators are proposed for multi-state analysis, identification, prediction and optimization of packaged food product consumption safety.
The probabilistic model of municipal wastewater quality process is proposed in the chapter. The methods of its characteristics and parameters statistical identification and prediction are presented. Next the proposed model is practically applied to examine and characterized the quality of the municipal wastewater collected in the exemplary sewage treatment plant.
The air pollution assessment based on concentration’s changes of sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, benzene, and particulate matter is discussed in the chapter. The semi-Markov model of the environmental pollution process is introduced and its characteristics are determined. Next the proposed model is practically applied to examine and characterized air pollution in Gdańsk (Poland) as the exemplary industrial agglomeration. The main parameters and characteristics of the air pollution process are determined, such as concentration states of particular kinds of air pollutants, the limit values of transient probabilities and the mean total sojourn times staying at the air pollutants’ concentration states, for the fixed time interval.
The safety and resilience indicators are proposed as crucial tools for analysis, identification, prediction and optimization of COVID-19 pandemic human safety and for minimization and mitigation of pandemic consequences.
The probabilistic general model of critical infrastructure accident consequences consists of three particular models of semi-Markov processes such as: the process of initiating events generated by a critical infrastructure accident, the process of environmental threats coming from released chemicals that are a result of initiating events and the process of environmental degradation as a result of environmental threats. The general model of critical infrastructure accident consequences and procedure of its application to the maritime transport critical infrastructure understood as a network of ships operating at the sea waters is presented in the research. By using the statistical data coming from sea accidents reports, the general model is applied to the identification and prediction of the environmental degradation associated with ship accidents and chemical releases within the Baltic Sea. Moreover, the proposed model is applied to estimate the environmental losses associated with these accidents and the environmental degradation in the neighborhood area.
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