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1

An automaton Constraint for Local Search

He J., Flener P., Pearson J.

Fundamenta Informaticae

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2011

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Vol. 107, nr 2/3

223-248

EN

We explore the idea of using automata to implement new constraints for local search. This is already a successful approach in constraint-based global search. We show how to maintain the violations of a constraint and its variables via a deterministic finite automaton that describes a ground checker for that constraint. We extend the approach to counter automata, which are often much more convenient than finite automata, if not more independent of the constraint instance. We establish the practicality of our approach on several real-life combinatorial problems.

2

Comparing residual evaluation methods for leak detection on an aircraft fuel system test-rig

Bennett P., Dixon R., Pearson J.

Systems Science

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2008

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Vol. 34, no 2

63-74

EN

Many authors have used a Kalman Filter (KF) or a bank of several KF's as the main component of a fault detection algorithm (see, e.g., [5, 9]). Usually, the residual (or error) from the KF is evaluated against a predetermined threshold and crossing of the threshold level triggers a fault flag. The exact nature of the residual evaluation varies from analysis of the raw signal, to application of relatively complex statistical tests [2, 9, 11]. However, it is not clear from the literature which of the many methods available offer the best results. The paper examines the application of several statistical tests to residuals of a KF implemented as part of a fault detection scheme on an aircraft fuel system simulator test-rig. The experimental results will be evaluated and discussed and recommendations will be made on which methods offer the greatest utility for rapid detection of a leak fault applied to a tank containing fluid on the test-rig. The statistical methods evaluated are: mean deviation, mean absolute deviation, mean square error, root mean square error, sum of square error, weighted sum of square error, paired-t test, r-square and chi-square mean.

3

Evaluating the toxicity of reactive dyes and dyed fabrics with the HaCaT cytotoxicity test

Klemola K., Pearson J., Lindström-Seppä P.

Autex Research Journal

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2007

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Vol. 7, no. 3

217--223

EN

We investigated the cytotoxicity of reactive dyes and dyed fabrics using human keratinocyte HaCaT cells in vitro. The HaCaT cells were exposed to three monochlortriazinyl dyes: yellow, red and blue with different concentrations. The HaCaT cells were also exposed to water extracts of dyed fabrics. After 72 hours exposure, the protein contents of the samples compared to the protein contents of non-exposed cells were measured. The level of protein content indicates the viability of the cells. The mean inhibitory concentration values (IC50) showed the dye concentration when the protein content of the sample was 50% of the protein content of the non-exposed cells. The mean inhibitory concentration values (IC20) when the protein content of the samples was 80% were also measured. The IC20 values show the limiting value of toxicity. The IC50 values show whether samples are clearly toxic. The IC50 value for the yellow dye was 237µg/ml and the IC20 value was 78µg/ml. The IC50 for the red dye was 155µg/ml: the red dye caused adverse effects under the lowest dye concentration (28µg/ml). The IC50 value for the blue dye was 278µg/ml and the IC20 value was 112µg/ml. Cotton fabrics dyed using these same three reactive dyes were extracted with water and the extracts were analysed using the HaCaT cell line. The viability of the cells was good, the protein content of the samples being over 80% compared to the non-exposed cells. The HaCaT cell test indicated the toxicity of pure dyes; the dyed fabrics had no adverse effect. The human keratinocyte HaCaT cells seem to be a useful tool for the study of the purity/toxicity of dyes and other substances applied to textiles.

4

Evaluating the toxicity of reactive dyes and dyed fabrics with the Hepa-1 cytotoxicity test

Klemola K., Pearson J., Von Wright A., Liesivuori J., Lindström-Seppä P.

Autex Research Journal

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2007

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Vol. 7, no. 3

224--230

EN

We investigated the cytotoxicity of reactive dyes and dyed fabrics using an in vitro hepa-1 cytotoxicity test. Hepa-1-mouse cells were exposed to three monochlortriazinyl dyes: yellow, red and blue with different concentrations. The hepa-1-mouse cells were also exposed to water extracts of dyed fabrics. After 72 hours exposure, the viability of the cells was detected by measuring the protein content of the cells. The mean inhibitory concentration IC50, which shows the sample concentration when the protein content is 50%, was compared to the total protein content of the non-exposed cells. The inhibitory concentration IC20 value, which shows the sample concentration when the protein content is 80%, was also measured. The IC20 value shows the limiting value of low toxicity. The values measured showed high toxic effects of the dyes. The blue dye was shown to be the most toxic, although the red dye showed toxicity at the lowest concentrations. Wheras the pure dyes showed toxicity under low concentrations, the dyed fabrics showed no toxicity. The hepa-1 cytotoxicity test and the spermatozoa motility inhibition test supported each other, giving similar results. Both tests can be used when studying the toxicity of textile substances.

5

Evaluating the toxicity of reactive dyes and fabrics with the spermatozoa motility inhibition test

Klemola K., Honkalampi-Hämäläinen U., Liesivuori J., Pearson J., Lindström-Seppä P.

Autex Research Journal

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2006

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Vol. 6, no. 3

182--190

EN

In this study, the toxicity of reactive dyes and dyed fabrics was investigated using spermatozoa cells in vitro. Boar semen was exposed to different concentrations of monochlorotriazinyl dyes: yellow, red and blue. The spermatozoa cells were also exposed to extracts of dyed fabrics. After 24 and 72 hours respectively, the viability of the cells was evaluated by microscopy. The mean inhibitor concentrations IC50, showing the concentration of the dye when half of the cells are dead compared to the control sample, were calculated from the viability values. After 24 hours' exposure, the IC50 value calculated for the yellow dye was 135µg/ml, and after 72 hours 60µg/ml. The IC50 value for the red dye was 124µg/ml after 24 hours, and 46µg/ml after 72 hours. The IC50 value for the blue dye after 24 hours was 127µg/ml. After 72 hours, the blue dye caused high toxicity: more than half the cells were dead. Cotton fabrics dyed using these three reactive dyestuffs were extracted by water and analysed by the spermatozoa motility inhibition test. The viability of the cells when exposed to fabric extracts was good. However, after 72 hours' exposure, the standard deviation and coefficient of variation values for cell viability of fabric extracts were large. The spermatozoa inhibition test indicated the toxicity of pure dyes, the dyed fabrics having no adverse effects. The spermatozoa test seems to be useful when screening different substances and when used in addition to other tests. The spermatozoa motility inhibition test can be used for textile material studies.

6

Preparation of natural silk waste solutions by high frequency heating

Nabieva I., Sadriddinov B., Khasanova M., Alimova K., Klemola K., Pearson J.

Autex Research Journal

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2004

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Vol. 4, no. 3

143--146

EN

Natural silk waste is an important by-product of the silk industry in Uzbekistan. Solutions to the problem of natural silk waste have been used to improve the properties of the locally produced polyacrylonitrile fibre. Nitron, and the effectiveness of this dissolution process, are very important to the textile industry in Uzbekistan. Previous methods used to dissolve natural silk waste have been time-consuming and relatively inefficient. This paper describes a new method for dissolving natural silk waste, using a high-frequency electromagnetic field.

7

Disposal of wool scouring sludge by composting

Pearson J., Lu F., Gandhi K.

Autex Research Journal

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2004

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Vol. 4, no. 3

147--156

EN

Disposal of wool scouring sludge is becoming more problematical, due to the need to satisfy environmental legislation concerning what is regarded as hazardous waste, and to the increasing cost of landfill and the scarcity of landfill sites. Composting the sludge to produce a safe, saleable product could be a viable alternative.