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1

Zastosowanie przenośnego spektrometru rentgenowskiego (pXRF) do badań mineralizacji kruszcowej w skałach cechsztynu dolnego podczas prac terenowych w nieczynnej kopalni miedzi Konrad, niecka północnosudecka, Polska

Nowak I., Nejbert K.

Cuprum : czasopismo naukowo-techniczne górnictwa rud

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2016

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nr 3

5--21

PL

W pracy przedstawiono możliwość zastosowania przenośnego spektrometru pXRF do badań rozproszonej mineralizacji Cu-Ag-Zn-Pb w skałach osadowych cechsztynu dolnego niecki północnosudeckiej podczas prac terenowych. Analizy punktowe składu chemicznego margli miedzionośnych i ołowionośnych wykonano zgodnie z przyjętą procedurą pomiarów w dwóch profilach – Profil K i L, odsłoniętych w wyrobiskach dawnej kopalni Konrad dostępnych do 2015 r. z wyrobisk kopalni anhydrytu Nowy Ląd Oddział Lubichów. Uzyskane dane chemiczne umożliwiły prawie natychmiastowe precyzyjnie wskazanie zasięgu stref zmineralizowanych w badanych profilach oraz wyznaczenie przebiegu granic margli miedzionośnych i ołowionośnych. Wyniki pomiarów spektrometrycznych potwierdzono badaniami mikroskopowymi mineralizacji kruszcowej w próbkach margli miedzionośnych i ołowionośnych, pobranych z Profilu K i L. Rezultaty przeprowadzonych prac wskazują na wysoką użyteczność zastosowania pomiarów za pomocą spektrometrów pXRF w określaniu zasięgu mineralizacji kruszcowej oraz przy wyznaczaniu granic stref zmineralizowanych w stratyfikowanych złożach Cu-Ag niecki północnosudeckiej, jak również monokliny przedsudeckiej.

EN

The paper presents the possibility of using portable (pXRF) spectrometer to study Cu-Ag-Zn-Pb dispersed mineralization in sedimentary rocks of the Lower Zechstein in the North-Sudetic Trough. The investigation done, in two profiles – Profile of K and L, exposed in the excavations of the old mine Konrad, with the procedures established by the manufacturer of the spectrometer. The chemical data obtained allowed almost immediate precise indication of mineralized zones in the studied profiles and to define borders between Rote Fäule, Cu-, and Pb-bearing marls. The results of spectrometric measurements was confirmed during reflected-light microscopic examination of the collected samples. The results of the work carried out indicate the high utility of the use of pXRF measurements in the exploration and evaluation of the Cu-Ag in stratified deposits in the North-Sudetic Trough and in the Fore-Sudetic Monocline.

2

Metody dokumentowania zastosowane w badaniach terenowych stanowiska wietrzejących anhydrytów w Piskach k. Lwowa

Ługowski D., Jarzyna A., Bąbel M., Nejbert K.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2016

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nr 466

201--214

PL

W kamieniołomie Pisky, 30 km na południe od Lwowa, wskutek wietrzenia (uwadniania) anhydrytu (CaSO4) i jego przechodzenia w gips (CaSO4•2H2O) wzrasta objętość skały i tworzą się wyjątkowe formy rzeźby, nazywane kopułami z hydratacji. We wnętrzach narastających kopuł powstają komory, które stopniowo przekształcają się w jaskinie, zwane jaskiniami z hydratacji (lub jaskiniami z pęcznienia). Równocześnie skały ulegają rozpuszczaniu i na ich powierzchni tworzą się żłobki krasowe. Zachodzące współcześnie, osobliwe procesy wietrzeniowe i rzeźbotwórcze wymagają precyzyjnej dokumentacji i monitorowania. W niniejszej pracy opisano optymalne techniki badań terenowych zastosowane przy dokumentowaniu strefy wietrzenia. Obejmują one metody: reperów, skanowania laserowego 3D, skanowania światłem strukturalnym LED, fotogrametrii naziemnej oraz modelowania obiektów 2,5D za pomocą fotogrametrii. W pracy omówiono wady i zalety zastosowanych metod.

EN

In the quarry at Pisky, 30 km south of Lviv, the volume of rock mass increases and unique relief features, called the hydration domes, are being formed due to weathering (hydration) of anhydrite (CaSO4) and its transformation into gypsum (CaSO4•2H2O). In the interiors of the growing domes, chambers are formed that gradually transform into caves called the hydration (or swelling) caves. Simultaneously, the rocks dissolve and their surface is covered with rillenkarren. The unusual weathering and geomorphological processes taking place today require accurate documentation and monitoring. In this paper we describe the optimum field methods used to document the zone of weathering. These methods include: method of benchmarks, method of 3D laser scanning, method of scanning with structured light LED, method of terrestrial photogrammetry, and method of modelling of 2.5D objects using photogrammetry. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the methods used.

3

Synfolding calcite veins in the Holy Cross Mountains Fold Belt, central Poland

Rybak-Ostrowska B., Konon A., Nejbert K., Kozłowski A.

Geological Quarterly

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2014

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Vol. 58, No. 1

99--116

EN

Bedding-parallel calcite veins in Devonian rocks from the southern part of the Holy Cross Mountains Fold Belt in central Poland occur as tabular bodies on shallow dipping as well as vertical Late Paleozoic map-scale and mesoscopic fold limbs. The syntaxial and antitaxial bedding parallel veins contain kinematic indicators such as rotated blocks, fibre boundary steps, boudin trains, beef-like structures and congruous steps. These structures show a sense of movement consistent with the flexural slip typical of folding resulting from buckling during layer-parallel shortening. We propose the mechanism of the gradual formation of the veins and the progression of fabric development which is mostly consistent with an increasing dip angle of the fold limbs and their gradual deformation. Textures of the veins and kinematic indicators within the veins point to the syntectonic growth of calcite during the Late Paleozoic buckle folding in the Holy Cross Mountains Fold Belt.

4

The Julianna pegmatite vein system at the Piława Górna Mine, Góry Sowie Block, SW Poland – preliminary data on geology and descriptive mineralogy

Szuszkiewicz A., Szełęg E., Pieczka A., Ilnicki S., Nejbert K., Turniak K., Banach M., Łodziński M., Różniak R., Michałowski P.

Geological Quarterly

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2013

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Vol. 57, No. 3

467–-484

EN

The newly discovered Julianna pegmatitic system from the Piława Górna Quarry (the Góry Sowie Block, Sudetes Mts., NE margin of the Bohemian Massif) is described in terms of geological setting, petrography and descriptive mineralogy. The system represents the largest pegmatitic occurrence in the Polish Sudetes and consists of a complex network of cogenetic rare-element granitic pegmatites that intruded into tectonized amphibolite as discordant dikes. The pegmatites range from barren and weakly zoned to texturally well-differentiated ones that are composed of a fine-grained border zone, coarse-grained wall zone, graphic and blocky feldspar intermediate zones and a quartz core. Unidirectional and skeletal solidification textures are well-developed. The Julianna pegmatites consist of rock-forming plagioclase (ŁAn39), microcline, quartz and biotite accompanied mostly by accessory to minor muscovite, tourmaline, garnet and beryl. They crystallized from anatectic melt of hybrid NYF (niobium-yttrium-fluorine) + LCT (lithium-cesium-tantalum) geochemical characteristics. Pegmatites with a low to moderate degree of fractionation, that dominate in the Julianna system, bear NYF-signature accessory minerals, such as allanite-(Ce), columbite-, euxenite- and samarskite-group minerals, fergusonite-(Y) and gadolinite-(Y). However rare dikes that attained a very high degree of fractionation contain typical minerals of LCT-signature including tourmalines of the elbaite-olenite-rossmanite series, lepidolite, lithiophilite, spodumene, Cs-rich beryl and pollucite.

5

Paleomagnetism and magnetic mineralogy of metabasites and granulites from Orlica-Śnieżnik Dome (Central Sudetes)

Kądziałko-Hofmokl M., Szczepański J., Werner T., Jeleńska M., Nejbert K.

Acta Geophysica

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2013

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Vol. 61, no. 3

535--568

EN

The results of palaeomagnetic, rock magnetic, and microscopic study of Early Paleozoic metabasites and granulites from the Orlica Śnieżnik Dome (OSD, Sudetes) have been combined with geochronological data. In the eastern part of the OSD (Śnieżnik Massif, SM) ferrimagnetic pyrrhotite is prevalent, accompanied by various amounts of Fe-oxides. In the western part of the OSD (Orlica-Bystrzyca Massif, OBM) Fe-oxides dominate. All magnetic minerals originated during hydrothermal and weathering processes. The palaeomagnetic study revealed the presence of three secondary components of natural remanence: Late Carboniferous, Late Permian, and Mesozoic. Two Paleozoic components are related to volcanic activity in the Sudetes. They are carried by pyrrhotite and Fe-oxides and were isolated only in SM rocks. The Mesozoic component was determined in both parts of the OSD and is carried by Fe-oxides. It covers a time span, from ~160 to ~40 Ma, corresponding to a long period of alteration.

6

Sea-floor massive sulphides from the Galápagos Rift Zone – mineralogy, geochemistry and economic importance

Szamałek K., Marcinowska A., Nejbert K., Speczik S.

Geological Quarterly

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2011

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Vol. 55, No. 3

187-202

EN

The largest reserves of the Earth's mineral resources are located on the ocean floor. Amongst these, hydrocarbon and metallic resources are of the greatest importance. In 2010, the International Seabed Authority (ISA) adopted rules for documenting new metal resources contained with polymetallic sea-floor massive sulphides (SMS). Russia and China were the first countries to apply to the ISA to acquire the right to commence initial investigation and documentation in the Indian and Atlantic oceans. Apart from copper, cobalt and nickel, modern SMS ores contain inferred significant amounts of gold, silver and PGE. The results described here from Galápagos Rift samples indicate a high concentration of gold (up to 7.24 ppm) and platinum (up to 350 ppb), which are mainly concentrated in low temperature parts of the sulphide mounds. The high content of Au and Pt revealed by this study provides further motivation towards attempting the exploration of marine massive sulphides. This is particularly important in the light of the high prices of metal commodities, and especially the unprecedented price of gold. This paper is the first such detailed scientific account in the Polish scientific literature focusing on the genesis and economic significance of the modern sea-floor sulphides.

7

Oliwiny ze skał ultramaficznych masywu Jordanów-Gogołów (ofiolit sudecki)-zapis zróżnicowanych procesów geologicznych

Dubińska E., Nejbert K., Bylina P.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 6

506-515

EN

Olivines occurring in the Jordanów-Gogołów Serpentinite Massif (JGSM) in the Polish Sudetes were formed during complex series of geological events and processes: growth in the upper mantle; crystallization of ultramafic cumulates at a mid-ocean ridge; ultra-high pressure (UHP) and high pressure metamorphism in a subduction zone; and contact metamorphism related to intrusion of boninitic and/or granitic magmas into the JGSM. The presence of olivine with pseudocleavage and intergrowths of ferrichromite and of pseudospinifex olivine indicates very fast transport from UHP conditions (from depths ca. 410 km) to the surface, similar to the model proposed by Brueckner & van Roermund (2004). The range of metamorphic conditions (from UHP to zeolite facies) recorded by JGSM olivines and also by associated serpentinites indicates that the JGSM is a fragment of an accretionary prism.

8

The largest giant gypsum intergrowths from the Badenian (Middle Miocene) evaporites of the Carpathian Foredeep

Bąbel M., Olszewska-Nejbert D., Nejbert K.

Geological Quarterly

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2010

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Vol. 54, No 4

477-486

EN

The Badenian (Middle Miocene) evaporite deposits of the Carpathian Foredeep in Poland, Ukraine and Czech Republic, contain large bottom-grown primary gypsum crystals (selenite) which are some of the largest in the world. The 0.5-3.5 m long crystals are arranged in a palisade manner and create specific intergrowths similar to the contact swallow-tail {101} twins known in other areas. They occur in one stratigraphical interval that is several metres thick. The largest specimens were found near Busko in Southern Poland. The selenite crystals are commonly 1-1.5 m long, but specimens exceeding 2.5 m in length are present but are rare and poorly documented. Some years ago one specimen approaching 3.5 m in length was recognized at Bogucice-Skałki and seems to be the largest known and existing mineral crystal in Poland. Recently another ca. 3.5 m long selenite specimen was exposed at nearby Gacki. Both these crystals are partly damaged, and one is not fully exposed, and therefore it is difficult to establish which is (or was) actually the largest one.

9

Genesis of ferromanganese crusts in Jurassic pelagic limestones at Stankowa Skała, Pieniny Klippen Belt, Poland: sedimentological and petrological approach

Sidorczuk M., Nejbert K.

Volumina Jurassica

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2008

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Vol. 6, no. 1

75-85

EN

The ferromanganese crusts (FMC) and nodules at Stankowa Skała near Nowy Targ (Pieniny Klippen Belt, Poland) are developed in pelagic condensed limestones. The crusts appear on an uneven surface of limestones with thinshelled Bositra bivalves dated to the (?)uppermost Bajocian -Callovian. The crusts are overlain by Oxfordian limestones rich in Globuligerina, containing Fe-Mn nodules and small fragments of calcite stromatolites rich in Mn, Fe, Ba oxyhydroxides. Petrological analyses of the FMC from Stankowa Skała indicate their hydrogenetic origin. Growth of the FMC was coeval with a period of a rapid oceanic floor spreading from the Bajocian to the Callovian, postulated for the Pieniny Klippen Belt in the Jurassic time on the basis of the palaeomagnetic studies.

10

Flowstone-like calcite in the andesite of Jarmuta Mt. - dating the Holocene tectonic activity in the vicinity of Szczawnica (Magura Nappe, Outer Carpathians, Poland)

Jurewicz E., Hercman H., Nejbert K.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2007

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Vol. 57, no. 2

187-204

EN

Extensional fractures partly filled with calcite showing the characteristics of flowstone have been observed in the andesite from Jarmuta Mt. The isotopic composition of this calcite indicates low-temperature crystallization conditions and its vadose origin. U-Th dating of the flowstone-like calcite indicates ages of [similar to] 2.5-6.5 ka. The calcite grew on a rough and fresh andesite surface, and hence its age may correspond to the age of the extensional fractures. Rhythmically distributed intergrowths of clay minerals present in the calcite may reflect annual climatic oscillations and show that the calcite grew for at least 500 years. The calcite filling the extensional fractures, like the calcite cementing the loosened cataclastic zones cutting the andesite, does not show any features indicating younger deformations. The origin and geometric features of the fractures show that they could have formed in response to increased strike-slip activity within the deep fault zone known as the Dunajec Fault, which may coincide with the fracture zone between the Upper Silesian and Małopolska blocks.

11

Ferromanganese crusts in Jurassic limestones at Stankowa Skała, Pieniny Klippen Belt, Poland

Sidorczuk M., Nejbert K.

Volumina Jurassica

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2006

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Vol. 4, no. 1

66-68

EN

Ferromanganese crusts (FMC) and nodules are known from the Jurassic limestones of the Pieniny Klippen Belt (Western Carpathians) as well as in the Alps, the Bethic Cordillera and Sicily, (e.g. Rojkovič et al. 2003, and papers citied therein). FMC and nodules at the Stankowa Skała near Nowy Targ, first described by Zydorowicz & Wierzbowski (1986), are developed in pelagic condensed limestones that belong to the Czorsztyn Limestone Formation (Birkenmajer 1977). The crusts appear on the uneven surface of non-nodular limestones, developed as limestones with thin-shelled Bositra bivalves. These rocks represent the stratigraphic interval from the uppermost(?) Bajocian to the Callovian (Sidorczuk 2005). The crusts are overlain by Oxfordian limestones rich in the planktonic foraminifer Globuligerina, containing Fe-Mn nodules and small fragments of calcite stromatolites rich in Mn, Fe and Ba oxides. The aim of this presentation is a mineralogical and petrographic description of the FMC occurring at Stankowa Skała and preliminary interpretation of their origin. Two crusts up to 2 cm thick were sampled (Fig. 1) for transmitted and reflected light microscopy, EPMA, and XRD analysis. The crusts from the Stankowa Skała revealed well preserved botryoidal textures, typical of numerous recent and fossil ferromanganese occurrences. The samples contain Fe, Mn, Ba hydrous oxides (rich in Ca, as well as Cu, Ni, and Co), calcite and minor amount of quartz. Large patches of Ce, Fe-carbonates, and small, euhedral crystals of different minerals including native gold were also determined. XRD data indicate that the main mass of the FMC is composed of fine-grained intergrowths of poorly crystallised 10 ? manganate (todorokite) and goethite. The crusts were cut by thin veins, filled by calcite or calcite-Mn, Ba oxide (hollandite) aggregates. Chemistry and petrology of the studied FMC correspond to hydrogenetic accumulation of the manganese minerals, deposited in the pelagic realm on seamounts with reduced supply of carbonate material. However, primary Fe, Mn, Ba hydrous oxides associations were strongly modified by later diagenetic and epigenetic processes. Manganese influx in these environments is commonly referred to hydrothermal activity on the ocean floor, being a visible manifestation of serpentinisation of mantle peridotites. During these processes large amount of Mn, Fe, Ca, Co, Ni, and Cu are released into the seawater, especially during periods of rapid sea-floor spreading. Widespread manganese mineralization at the interface between Callovian and Oxfordian strata in the Pieniny Klippen Belt basin, and also on all the passive continental margin of the European Tethys Ocean may be related to a period of extremely low deposition rate, presumably caused by a rapid sea-floor spreading in the western Tethys domain. Additionally, palaeomagnetic data from the Pieniny Klippen Belt indicating significant palaeolatitudinal shift during in the Callovian-Oxfordian time span (c.a. 1000 km) are in line with this hypothesis (Lewandowski et al. 2005, Lewandowski et al. 2006). The occurrence of FMC at Stankowa Skała correlates well with this geodynamic event.