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Analiza czynników branych pod uwagę przy ocenie lokalizacji obiektów energetyki atomowej w świetle projektowanych zmian polskich przepisów wykonawczych

Mirek Paweł

Instal

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2023

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nr 4

11--18

PL

W długotrwałym procesie budowy elektrowni jądrowej pierwszym krokiem jest wybór lokalizacji, poprzedzony wykonaniem szczegółowych badań i analiz. Ich celem jest identyfikacja zagrożeń dla bezpieczeństwa obiektu występujących na danym terenie, jak również określenie stopnia oddziaływania tego obiektu na otoczenie. Efekty tych działań zebrane są w postaci opracowanego raportu lokalizacyjnego, którego zakres oraz formę określa Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 10 sierpnia 2012 r. (Dz. U. 2012, poz. 1025). W myśl najnowszych zmian regulacyjnych wprowadzonych w ramach ustawy o zmianie ustawy o przygotowaniu i realizacji inwestycji w zakresie obiektów energetyki jądrowej oraz inwestycji towarzyszących oraz niektórych innych ustaw, dokumentem poprzedzającym sporządzenie takiego raportu lokalizacyjnego jest instytucja raportu wstępnego. W zamiarze ustawodawcy, wprowadzenie raportu wstępnego stanowi element dostosowania polskich regulacji prawnych do rekomendacji Międzynarodowej Agencji Energii Atomowej (MAEA) w zakresie badań lokalizacyjnych dla obiektów jądrowych. W artykule przeanalizowano zakres wstępnego raportu lokalizacyjnego na tle dotychczas obowiązujących przepisów, a także niektórych zaleceń MAEA. Analizie poddano procedurę wyboru lokalizacji pod budowę elektrowni jądrowej, zakres badań lokalizacyjnych niezbędnych do opracowania wstępnego i ostatecznego raportu lokalizacyjnego, jak również kryteria brane pod uwagę w ocenie terenu przeznaczonego pod budowę elektrowni jądrowej.

EN

In the long-term process of building a nuclear power plant, the first step is a site selection, preceded by detailed studies and analyses. Their purpose is to identify threats to the safety of the facility in a given area, as well as to determine the degree of impact of this facility on the environment. The effects of these activities are collected in the form of a site evaluation report, the scope and form of which are defined in the Regulation of the Council of Ministers of 10 August 2012 (Journal of Laws of 2012, item 1025). Pursuant to the latest regulatory changes introduced under the act amending the act on the preparation and implementation of investments in nuclear power facilities and accompanying investments and certain other acts, the document preceding the preparation of such a location report is the institution of a preliminary site evaluation report. The legislator’s intention is to introduce the preliminary report as an element of adapting Polish legal regulations to the recommendations of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in the field of site surveys for nuclear facilities. The article analyzes the scope of the preliminary site evaluation report against the background of the existing regulations, as well as some IAEA recommendations. The procedure for selecting the site for the building of a nuclear power plant, the scope of site research necessary to prepare the preliminary and final site evaluation report, as well as the criteria taken into account in the assessment of the site intended for the building of a nuclear power plant were analyzed.

2

Resources and potential for utilization of low-exergy heat from mung bean sprouts cultivation – case study

Mirek Paweł, Panowski Marcin, Słomczyńska Klaudia, Stanek Michał, Bąkowski Tomasz

Archives of Thermodynamics

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2023

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Vol. 44, no 4

507--534

EN

Poland is a significant producer of vegetable sprouts, which, due to the high content of nutrients, are produced for food purposes. The cultivation cycle of these plants, especially the mung beans (Vigna radiata), is associated with significant exploitation of natural resources (as much as 275 dm3 of water per 1 kg of dry seeds) and requires appropriate temperature conditions. However, since producing of vegetable sprouts is an exothermic process, there are reasons to organize the growth conditions of these plants in a quasi-autonomous manner. Estimated preliminary studies show that during the entire period of sprout growth, as much as 2.86 MJ of heat from 1 kg of dry seeds can be used, which, taking into account the scale of production of these plants, places them among the significant sources of low-temperature waste heat. The paper presents the results of temperature measurements carried out in a growth chamber used for the industrial production of the mung bean vegetable sprouts. Based on the prepared energy balance, the total amount of heat generated (4.9 GJ) and recovered (3.3 GJ) in the seed germination process was determined. The amount of energy lost in the process of imbibition and the amount of heat needed to ensure optimal plant growth conditions were determined. The study shows that the use of low-temperature heat generated by plants allows for a significant reduction in the energy consumption of the production process.

3

Analysis of the Potential for Reducing the Energy Consumption of a Vegetable Sprouts Production Using Flownex Simulation Softwar

Słomczyńska Klaudia, Mirek Paweł, Panowski Marcin

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2023

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Vol. 17, no 5

163--173

EN

Using the waste energy generated in any production process is the one of possible ways of increasing energy efficiency. In the industrial cultivation of vegetable sprouts for food purposes, significant amounts of low-temperature waste heat are released, the source of which is the metabolic processes taking place inside the seeds. In typical installations, this energy is lost to the environment, while it could be utilised, for example, to heating the water used to irrigate the plants. This paper presents a concept of utilizing waste heat generated during the germination process of seeds using plate heat exchangers and the analysis of the potential for reducing the energy consumption of installations for vegetable sprout production. For this purpose, transient simulations were conducted using a developed simulation model of the technological line in Flownex Simulation Environment. In order to formulate a reliable simulation model, relevant device parameters and process data were collected. After building the model and calibrating it appropriately, an analysis of the variability of the values of all process parameters was performed, and the potential for recovering waste heat was determined. The results obtained from numerical modelling were verified against the results obtained from the production line and shows, that the amount of recoverable waste heat in the entire production cycle was about 5 GJ.

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Model efektywnego systemu ciepłowniczego na bazie energii solarnej

Mirek Justyna, Słomczyńska Klaudia, Mirek Paweł

Instal

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2022

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nr 11

19--27

PL

Odchodzenie od spalania paliw węglowych, zwiększenie wykorzystania odnawialnych źródeł energii, a w konsekwencji uzyskanie statusu efektywnego systemu ciepłowniczego - to podstawowe priorytety oraz wyzwania związane z produkcją ciepła systemowego w Polsce. Jednym ze sposobów osiągnięcia przez system ciepłowniczego statusu efektywnego, jest zwiększenie udziału pogodowozależnych odnawialnych źródeł energii. Wykorzystanie tego typu źródeł wpływa dodatkowo na poprawę bezpieczeństwa energetycznego poprzez uniezależnienie od dostaw paliw z zewnętrz oraz stabilizację cen ciepła. W pracy przedstawiono koncepcję systemu ciepłowniczego wykorzystującego energię promieniowania słonecznego, opartego o wielkoformatowe farmy solarne połączone z sezonowym magazynem ciepła oraz farmy fotowoltaiczne, w którym odnawialne źródła energii stanowiły ponad 93% całkowitej energii wprowadzonej do układu. Dodatkowo porównano dwa warianty systemu - różniące się od siebie zastosowaniem instalacji elektrolizy wodoru oraz jednostki kogeneracyjnej z wykorzystaniem silników wodorowych. Obliczenia przeprowadzano w polskich warunkach pogodowych, z wykorzystaniem oprogramowania symulacyjnego TRNSYS 18. Wykazano, że zastosowanie silnika kogeneracyjnego podnosi jednostkowy koszt ciepła o 16,75 zł/GJ bez wyraźnego wpływu na zwiększenie udziału OZE w procesie produkcji energii oraz efektywność energetyczną. W przypadku badanej wielkości instalacji bardziej uzasadniona ekonomicznie jest koncepcja systemu bez ścieżki wodorowej (LCOH = 99,43 zł/GJ).

EN

Moving away from burning coal-based fuels, increasing the use of renewable energy sources, and consequently achieving efficient district heating system status - these are the main priorities and challenges for system heat production in Poland. One way for a district heating system to achieve efficient status is to increase the share of weather-dependent renewable energy sources. The use of such sources additionally improves energy security through independence from external fuel supplies, and stabilizes heat prices. The paper presents a concept of a solar thermal system, based on large-scale solar farms combined with seasonal heat storage, and photovoltaic farms, in which renewable energy sources accounted for more than 93% of the total energy input into the system. In addition, two variants of the system were compared - differing in the use of a hydrogen electrolysis plant, and a cogeneration unit using hydrogen engines. Calculations were carried out under Polish weather conditions, using the TRNSYS 18 simulation software. It was shown that the use of a cogeneration engine raises the unit cost of heat by 16.75 PLN/GJ without a clear impact on increasing the share of RES in the energy production process, and energy efficiency. For the size of the plant under study, the system concept without the hydrogen path (LCOH = PLN 99.43/GJ) is more economically justified.

5

Solar Heating for Pit Thermal Energy Storage – Comparison of Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Systems in TRNSYS 18

Słomczyńska Klaudia, Mirek Paweł, Panowski Marcin

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2022

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Vol. 16, no 5

40--51

EN

Solar collectors and photovoltaic panels are devices widely used for heating water for both heating and domestic purposes. Due to the variable nature of solar radiation, it is advisable to include in solar energy-based systems thermal storages that accumulate energy at times of overproduction and discharge it at times of demand. In this paper, we present the results of simulation research to compare the possibility of two different charging systems for a 24000 m3 seasonal pit thermal energy storage (PTES). The first uses electricity generated by photovoltaic panels and converted to heat in an electrode boiler to charge the heat store. The second is utilising a solar collector for this purpose. Based on the simulation calculations carried out in TRNSYS 18, it can be concluded that, from an investment perspective, a system based on solar collectors is more cost-effective. In addition, the installation takes up less space compared to a photovoltaic panel farm.

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Modeling of a Primary Air Distribution in a Plenum Chamber of the 700 MWth Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler

Mirek Paweł

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2022

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Vol. 16, no 5

86–-99

EN

The windbox is a compressed air chamber installed directly beneath the fluidized bed boiler grid and is designed to evenly distribute air across the entire cross-section of the air distributor. Due to the large volume of the plenum chambers, it is very difficult to experimentally determine the flow conditions within them. Therefore, the analysis of airflow in these devices is usually performed using computational fluid dynamics tools. The article presents the results of modeling primary air distribution in the plenum chamber of the 700 MWth circulating fluidized bed boiler operating in PGE GiEK S.A. Turów Power Plant Division. Based on the results of calculations performed using the ANSYS Fluent software, the basic problems of the design windbox geometry were identified and a method for improving the uniformity of the gas flow under the grid was proposed. As can be seen from the results obtained, the design geometry of the windbox does not provide the required uniformity of air distribution under the grid.