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EN
The paper presents the test results of molding compounds, sand casting molds and their analysis. The subject of testing was compound containing furan resins prepared according to the following recipe: matrix – regenerate 90% + fresh sand – 10%, furanresin – 1.10% by weight, hardener – 0.40% by weight. The impact of adhesive type and its quantity (Quan = 0.90, 1.1 and 1.5%) on the strength indexes of molding compound subject to densification was analyzed. The publication presents the test results: tensile strength Rm, compressive strength Rc and flexural strength Rg, as well as compound permeability as function of its density. The analysis also covers the impact of density level on mold strength and the distribution of density level along the mold height. Based on the test results, it was found that the best method to obtain high strength molds made from compounds with chemical adhesives was to densify it by vibrating the system: match plate – molding flask – compound filling the mold. The effectiveness of this densification method depends on the amplitude and frequency of vibrations.
EN
This paper presents the problems related to smelting gray and ductile cast iron. Special attention is paid to the metallurgical quality of cast iron. It depends on the type of furnace, charge materials and the special combination of charge, overheating and holding temperature, melting time, modification and spheroidization method. The evaluation of metallurgical quality has been performed by using derivative-thermal analysis (DTA). During the smelting process and secondary metallurgy, the ITACA system was used allowing to obtain information on alloy characteristic temperatures (Tliquidus, TeMin, TeMax, Tsolidus), VPS value, recalescence value, IGQ coefficient, nucleation gauge, porosity etc. The results of investigations and calculations are displayed in the form of graphs and dependencies. It has been shown that the derivative-thermal analysis (DTA) is an effective complement of chemical analysis and it has been found that both the increase in temperature and metal holding time have a negative impact on the metallurgical quality of liquid metal. The metallurgical quality can be improved by using proper composition of charge materials and modifiers.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono rezultaty prac koncepcyjnych silników spalinowych przystosowanych do zasilania różnego typu paliwami gazowymi, w tym palnymi gazami poprodukcyjnymi, będącymi odpadami energetycznymi. Zaprezentowano także wstępne wyniki badań eksploatacyjnych agregatów prądotwórczych zasilanych różnego typu paliwami gazowymi, przeprowadzonych wspólnie z firmą HORUSEnergia.
EN
The purpose of support mats used in catalytic converters as connecting element between the ceramic core and the metallic converter housing has been presented in article. The functional requirements and operating conditions have been discussed as well as support mat types and manufacturing methods. The support mat choice and basic design features have been also presented.
EN
The article presents the results of industrial research, of mixer and injection gas supply systems of internal combustion engines, for fuel gas time-varying chemical composition. The publication presents an innovative injection system working by patent PL 222462, and obtained operating characteristics of power generators with the implemented system. In addition for comparison, the article presents the results of research a generator set with implemented an innovative system of the mixing gas fuel supply, with variable chemical composition.
6
Content available Heat balance of the military vehicle
EN
In modern combat vehicles there are very often used observation devices with the capability of operating in the infrared. They allow detecting heat emission. It is very important to reduce such situation on the battlefield; therefore generated heat masking or reducing systems are used. The article presents the heat balance of the military vehicle, impact of heat amount on detectability and solutions reducing or changing the thermal image which impedes recognition.
EN
Analyses the problems occurring in the exploitation combustion engines used in mining have been presented in article. Design solutions used at present to protect the intake and exhaust systems of internal combustion engines operated in underground hard coal mines have been also described. A new design concept of exhaust system have been presented.
EN
The article considers the analysis of combustion process of hydrogen-air mixture of variable composition. Direct injection of hydrogen into the isochoric combustion chamber was applied and the mixture formation took place during the combustion process. The influence of the dose distribution of the fuel supplied before and after ignition on the formation of the flame front and the course of the pressure in the isochoric combustion chamber was discussed. The filming process and registration of pressure in the isochoric chamber during research of combustion process was applied.
EN
Huge amount of by-products is still considered as waste and is simply disposed, for example by-product gas is usually flared. Political and social pressure to reduce air pollution and national needs for energy security make these waste fuels interesting for near-future power generation. Unfortunately most of these waste fuels, even when liquefied or gasified, have very low quality and can hardly be used in high-efficiency power systems. Among main challenges are low calorific value and composition fluctuation. Additionally very often there is a high content of sulphur, siloxanes, tars, etc., which have to be removed from the fuel. Modern 4-stroke gas engines designed for power generation applications provide very high efficiency, high reliability and availability. Unfortunately, these gas engines require high quality fuel with stable composition. Horus-Energia together with Cracow University of Technology developed a novel gas supply system HE-MUZG that can adapt to current gas quality and change engine settings accordingly.This article will present results from the HE-MUZG system tests on modern 4-stroke spark-ignition gas engine. Tests focus on low quality gas, such as gas with low calorific value, gas with very low methane number and gas with very big variations of calorific value. Test results compared with performance of that engine in the original configuration show huge improvements. Moreover the HE- MUZG system is easy to implement in commercial gensets.
PL
W pojazdach wojskowych istotnym zagadnieniem jest rozruch silników spalinowych. Ze względu na warunki klimatyczne oraz nieregularne wykorzystywanie silników, poza standardowym rozrusznikiem często są one wyposażone w dodatkowe systemy wspomagania rozruchu. Mają one za zadanie ułatwiać uruchomienie silnika oraz chronić silnik przed nadmiernym zużyciem czy zniszczeniem. W artykule zaprezentowano stosowane rozwiązania układów rozruchowych w pojazdach militarnych. Przedstawiono także koncepcję rozwiązania wspomagającego rozruch i fazę nagrzewania silnika.
EN
In military vehicles very important is starting system of combustion engines. Weather conditions and irregular usage of engines causes that auxiliary starters are necessary. With these systems engines have easier start and better protection against damage. An article presents several examples of engines’ starters from military vehicles and conception of system which supports engine’s start and warm up.
EN
Ecological problems associated with operation of diesel engine in underground excavation areas are discussed. Characteristic features of diesel drives operating in excavation zones threatened by explosion hazard, including technical problems with use of selective catalytic reduction, are presented. The results of stationary tests of flameproof diesel drive, in which selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) was used, are given.
PL
W artykule omówiono problemy ekologiczne związanie z pracą silnika z zapłonem samoczynnym w wyrobiskach podziemnych. Przedstawiono cechy charakterystyczne spalinowych układów napędowych pracujących w wyrobiskach zagrożonych wybuchem, uwzględniając problemy techniczne związane z zastosowaniem metody selektywnej redukcji katalitycznej. Zaprezentowano wyniki przeprowadzonych badań stanowiskowych ognioszczelnego, spalinowego układu napędowego, w którym zastosowano metodę selektywnej redukcji katalitycznej tlenków azotu.
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki badań wraz z ich analizą, dotyczące prac naukowo-badawczych związanych z wykorzystaniem odpadowych produktów przemysłu chemicznego dla celów energetycznych. W badaniach stosowano paliwa gazowe oraz paliwa ciekłe. Zaprezentowano wyniki badań doświadczalnych parametrów ekologicznych silnika przy zasilaniu wtryskowym. Uzyskane wyniki porównano do wyników badań przeprowadzonych dla standardowego, mieszalnikowego systemu zasilania.
EN
The results of research together with an analysis, concerning the scientific-research works related to the use of waste products of the chemical industry for energy purposes. The studies used gaseous fuels and liquid fuels. The results of experimental studies concerned the ecological performance of engine, which was equipped with an injection system. The results were compared to the results of research carried out, for the standard mixing fuel system.
EN
This article presents test results obtained for nitrogen oxides emission reduction by the method of selective catalytic reduction in a diesel engine. A special steady-state test cycle was prepared in order to identify the most critical operating points of the SCR system. Areas of low system performance and the reasons for solid fractions formation and deposition were also investigated. The research examined the phenomenon of the occurrence of ammonia slip emissions into the environment.
PL
W artykule zawarto wyniki badań systemu zmniejszania emisji tlenków azotu metodą selektywnej redukcji katalitycznej SCR. Opracowano test badawczy, w którym wskazano krytyczne stany pracy systemu. Zidentyfikowano obszary małej skuteczności redukcji oraz przyczyny odkładania się stałych depozytów. Zbadano także przyczyny pojawiania się emisji amoniaku do otoczenia.
PL
W artykule opisano rozwój systemów selektywnej redukcji katalitycznej, stosowanych do redukcji tlenków azotu w silnikach pojazdów osobowych. Przedstawiono metodykę rozwoju aplikacji oraz rozwiązania napotkanych problemów badawczych i eksploatacyjnych. Głównym założeniem pozwalającym na spełnienie wymagań normy Euro 6, stosowanym przez różnych producentów pojazdów, jest wprowadzenie systemu SCR, jako rozbudowa istniejących układów oczyszczania spalin, spełniających normę emisji Euro 5 i składającego się z reaktora utleniającego DOC oraz filtra cząstek stałych DPF.
EN
This paper describes the development of selective catalytic reduction systems which are used for reduction of nitrogen oxides in diesel engines in passenger vehicles. The paper presents a methodology of application development and solutions for problems encountered in service. The main solution which allows the requirements of Euro 6 limit to be met (as applied by various car manufacturers), is the introduction of the SCR system as an upgrade of the existing aftertreatment systems that meet the Euro 5 emission standard consisting of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and a particulate matter filter (DPF).
PL
W artykule przedstawiono koncepcję nowego systemu zasilania turbodoładowanego silnika o zapłonie iskrowym wielopunktowym wtryskiem gazu ziemnego. Zaprezentowano wyniki badań parametrów roboczych i ekologicznych. Uzyskane wyniki porównano do wyników badań przeprowadzonych dla standardowego, mieszalnikowego systemu zasilania.
EN
The idea of the new fuel supply system of the turbocharged SI engine equipped with the natural gas multipoint injection system has been presented in article. Results of tests of work and ecological parameters of that engine have been presented. Obtained results have been compared to the results of investigations carried out for standard mixer fuel supply system.
16
Content available Badania silnika zasilanego wodorem
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań silnika o zapłonie iskrowym zasilanego wodorem. Przedstawiono koncepcję systemu zasilania wodorem oraz cel i metodykę przeprowadzonych pomiarów. Uzyskane wyniki porównano do wyników badań prowadzonych podczas zasilania silnika gazem ziemnym.
EN
The results of the investigations of SI engine fuelled with hydrogen heve been presented in article. The idea of hydrogen feeding system and the aim and methodology of carred out measurement have been also described. Obtained results have been compared to the results of tests carried out during natural gas feeding of the some engine.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań silnika o zapłonie iskrowym zasilanego wodorem z dodatkiem fazy ciekłej n-butanolu i izo-butanolu. Przedstawiono koncepcję systemu zasilania dwupaliwowego oraz cel i metodykę przeprowadzonych pomiarów. Uzyskane wyniki zasilania dwupaliwowego porównano do wyników badań prowadzonych podczas zasilania silnika wyłącznie alkoholową fazą ciekłą.
EN
The results of the investigations of SI engine fuelled with hydrogen and mixed n-butanol with iso-butanol heve been presented in article. The idea of flexible feeding system and the aim and methodology of carred out measurement have been also described. Obtained results have been compared to the results of tests carried out during flexible feeding of the same engine.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy przedstawienia koncepcji wykorzystania ciepła z układu chłodzenia silnika spalinowego do zmniejszenia zużycia paliwa i zmniejszenia emisji toksycznych składników spalin w początkowym okresie jego pracy, podczas zimnego rozruchu i okresu nagrzewania się. Silnik spalinowy jest maszyną cieplną, w której po fazie uruchomienia następuje nagrzewania się kolejnych jego elementów. W tym okresie silnik wykazuje małą sprawność oraz duże stężenie tlenku węgla i węglowodorów w emitowanych spalinach. W celu poprawy tych parametrów opracowano system nagrzewania silnika podczas zimnego rozruchu i w fazie jego nagrzewania się zmagazynowanym ciepłem, pochodzącym z układu chłodzenia silnika.
EN
The article refers to the conception of utilization of the heat from combustion engine cooling system to the fuel consumption and the exhaust gas toxic components emission decrease. This refers to the initial period of engine work, during cold start and warming up phase. Combustion engine is the heat engine, which start phase is followed by sequential warming up of its elements. In that period the engine shows the low efficiency and the high carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons concentration in the exhaust gas. In the aim of the improvement of these parameters, there has been elaborated the system of support of the engine start and warming up phase by use of the stored heat from the cooling system.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia badania stanowiskowe silnika wyposażonego w akumulator ciepła na hamowni silnikowej oraz badania pojazdu wyposażonego w opracowany system na hamowni podwoziowej. Przedstawiono metodykę badań oraz przeprowadzono analizę otrzymanych wyników w aspekcie zmiany parametrów roboczych silnika oraz w aspekcie zmniejszenia emisji toksycznych składników spalin. Zaprezentowano także możliwość wdrożenia opracowanej metody wykorzystania ciepła z układu chłodzenia silnika spalinowego.
EN
Test stand investigations of the engine equipped with the heat storage has been presented in article as well as the chassis dynamometer investigations of the car fitted with such elaborated heat storage system. The methodology of investigations and the analysis of the received results in aspect of change of the engine work parameters and in aspect of the exhaust gas toxic components emission have been also presented. The possibility of implementation of that elaborated method of heat utilization from the engine cooling system was discussed in article.
EN
The article presents future requirements concerning emission of toxic components of exhaust gases valid for Diesel engine passenger cars. Questions connected with fulfilment of these standards were discussed. Chosen structural solutions permitting fulfilment of future requirements concerning emission were presented. In Europe passenger cars equipped with Diesel engines which get the homologation certificate for the first time the emission limit determined by the standard Euro 6 will be binding from year 2014. The relation to the at present binding limit Euro 5 emission of nitric oxides, the sum of hydrocarbons and nitric oxides as well as emission of particulate matter must be reduced. On the European market use could be made of experience gained during exploitation heavy duty vehicles in which decrease in nitric oxides emission is achieve by means of selective catalytic reduction (SCR). A more complex system of emission appraisal is valid in USA and especially in the states where the so called Californian standards were adopted. On the example of Volkswagen 2.0 TDI engine it was shown that in modern constructions of combustion engines there is still a large developmental potential. In this case the development went in the direction of fulfilment of new very requiring standards of emission of toxic components of exhaust gases. Well known in Europe 2.0 TDI engine which in its new version fulfils the most strict emission standards BIN5/LEV II constitutes the structural basis of the drive unit designed for the American market. Under such conditions the firm Volkswagen belongs to the small number of cars producers who for a couple of year have offered with success, passenger cars equipped with Diesel engines.
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