Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Exploitation parameters of the transverse slider bearings, lubricated with used oil of non-Newtonian properties

Miszczak A., Sikora G.

Journal of Machine Construction and Maintenance - Problemy Eksploatacji

|

2018

|

no. 1

69--75

EN

In this paper authors present result of the experimental research and numerical calculations of the exploitation parameters of transverse slider bearings, lubricated with the used oil of non-Newtonian properties. The results of the experimental research are based on rheological examinations of the used oil in its exploitation time. These results leaded to the preparation of the dependence models of the dynamic viscosity on diverse influences, such as temperature and pressure and also shear rate and oil ageing. The effect of temperature on the dynamic viscosity was described by an exponential function. The pressure effect is modelled with a combined function, which takes into account the initial viscosity and the high pressure viscosity. For modelling of the shear rate influence, the modified Cross model was used, while oil ageing process has been related with exponential function to the exploitation period between oil changes as variable. Apparent viscosity is a product of dynamic viscosity of diverse influences. In this way, the modelled viscosity was substituted for the fundamental equations, which are momentum conservation, energy conservation, and the continuity equation. After that, received equations were non-dimensionalized, and a value of each part was estimated. Parts in an order of the same magnitude as radial clearance were neglected, as they have insignificant influence on the further numerical calculations. Using Mathcad 15 software, our own calculation procedures, the finite element method, and iterative procedure, the influence of each dependence on exploitation parameters were calculated. Influences which are commonly taken into account in the calculations of friction nodes are the influence of temperature and pressure. Such influences as non-Newtonian properties and oil ageing are much more rarely in the literature and scientific publications. The authors have not met such a complex research yet. In this way, the prepared research conduction, which binds correlations used in the literature and the results of the experimental research, made it possible to indicate the influences of non-Newtonian properties and oil ageing on exploitation parameters of journal slider bearings. From the numerical calculations results that drop of the dynamic viscosity caused by the increase of the shear rate can cause a drop of the carrying capacity of the bearing even in 21%. A similar drop of the carrying capacity can be observed after taking into account oil ageing on the last stage of its exploitation time. When taking all of the above mentioned influences into account in the numerical calculations of the flow and exploitation parameters of the slider bearings, it appears that at the last stage of exploitation time, the drop of the carrying capacity may exceed 30%.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań doświadczalnych oraz obliczenia numeryczne parametrów przepływowych i eksploatacyjnych poprzecznych łożysk ślizgowych, smarowanych przepracowanym olejem. Wyniki badań doświadczalnych opierają się na pomiarach właściwości reologicznych oleju silnikowego w trakcie jego eksploatacji. Posłużyły one do opracowania modeli zależności lepkości dynamicznej oleju od poszczególnych wpływów, tj. temperatury i ciśnienia, a także szybkości ścinania i starzenia oleju. Wpływ temperatury na lepkość dynamiczną został opisany funkcją wykładniczą. Wpływ ciśnienia zamodelowano funkcją mieszaną, uwzględniającą lepkość początkową oraz lepkość w wysokich ciśnieniach. Do zamodelowania wpływu prędkości ścinania użyto zmodyfikowanego modelu Crossa. Natomiast wpływ starzenia uzależniono funkcją wykładniczą, uwzględniając okres pomiędzy planowanymi wymianami oleju jako zmienną. Lepkość pozorna jest iloczynem poszczególnych zmian lepkości od odpowiednich wpływów. Tak zamodelowaną lepkość podstawiono do równań podstawowych, tj. równania zachowania pędu, energii i ciągłości strugi, a następnie ubezwymiarowiono i oszacowano wielkości poszczególnych członów. Człony rzędu wielkości luzu promieniowego pominięto jako mające nieznaczny wpływ na wyniki obliczeń numerycznych. Przy pomocy oprogramowania komputerowego Mathcad 15, własnych procedur obliczeniowych, metody różnic skończonych oraz metody kolejnych przybliżeń obliczono wpływy poszczególnych zależności na parametry eksploatacyjne poprzecznego łożyska ślizgowego. Wpływy powszechnie uwzględniane w obliczeniach węzłów tarcia to wpływ temperatury oraz ciśnienia. Wpływy nienewtonowskie oraz starzenia o wiele rzadziej pojawiają się w literaturze fachowej oraz artykułach naukowych. Autorzy nie spotkali się dotychczas z tak kompleksowymi badaniami. Tak opracowany proces badawczy, wiążący zależności stosowane w literaturze oraz wyniki badań doświadczalnych, pozwolił na ustalenie wpływu właściwości nienewtonowskich oraz starzenia oleju na parametry eksploatacyjne poprzecznych łożysk ślizgowych. Z obliczeń numerycznych wynika, iż spadek lepkości oleju spowodowany zwiększeniem szybkości ścinania może powodować spadek siły nośnej łożyska ślizgowego nawet o 21%. Podobny spadek siły nośnej łożyska następuje w wyniku uwzględnienia starzenia oleju, na koniec jego eksploatacji w silniku. Uwzględniając wszystkie z wymienionych wpływów w obliczeniach numerycznych parametrów eksploatacyjnych i przepływowych łożysk ślizgowych, okazuje się, że w końcowym okresie eksploatacji oleju spadek siły nośnej łożyska może przekraczać 30%.

2

Processing of long lasting signals of torsional vibrations measured using incremental encoders

Dereszewski M., Sikora G.

Journal of KONES

|

2018

|

Vol. 25, No. 4

59--65

EN

The article describes processing method of a signal, coming from torsional deflections of an internal combustion piston engine’s crankshaft, registered using two optical encoders ETNP-10. Standard measurement and recording set ETNP-10 enables recording of Instantaneous Angular Speed values encompassing 10 revolutions of the crankshaft, what is equal to 5 cycles of four-stroke engine. That time duration is sufficient for analysis of changes of angular speed caused by, for example, malfunction of fuel injection valve, but is insufficient in case of observation characterized by low frequency changes with period of fluctuations, lower than 0.8 sec. Short time for recording makes impossible following of instantaneous angular speed deviations caused by magnitude modulation of engine’s load value. In the article is presented an algorithm written in MATLAB environment, which allows processing of the data recorded using the recorder DAS 1600 Sefram. The recorded this way signals have around 26 seconds' duration of engine work. Data acquired from two encoders mounted at opposite sides of the shaft, in form of square magnitude signals are transformed into instantaneous speed and subsequently to instantaneous angular shift, what is basis for torsions calculation. In the article is also presented method of elimination of systematic error due to assumed method of averaging. Finally, some examples of results of torsional deflection measurement and analysis are presented.

3

Experimental research on influence of the fuel nozzle geometry on the fuel consumption of the marine 4-stroke diesel engine

Kowalski J., Nagórski J., Sikora G.

Journal of KONES

|

2018

|

Vol. 25, No. 2

185--190

EN

The article presents experimental research that has been carried out on a marine, 4-stroke, 3-cylinder, turbocharged engine. During testing, the engine operated at a constant rotational speed of 750 rpm and a load from 0 kW to 280 kW. The engine was fuelled by diesel oil of known specification and loaded by electric generator with water resistance. The fuel consumption was measured during the engine operation with fuel nozzles with different geometries. The measurement of the fuel consumption was carried out using a weighing system that was designed, constructed, and manufactured by the “KAIZEN” scientific research team at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at the Gdynia Maritime University. The results of measurements show changes in the fuel consumption by the engine with the geometry of the injected fuel spray. The research facility is Sulzer’s 3- cylinder, 4-stroke, turbocharged AL25/30 piston engine. The fuel system consists of Bosch injection pumps controlled by a rotation speed regulator. Fuel injectors are centrally located in the cylinder heads of the engine.

4

Analysis of hydrodynamic lubrication of journal bearings with oil of non-Newtonian properties

Miszczak A., Sikora G.

Tribologia

|

2017

|

nr 2

127--138

EN

In this paper, the presented issue concerns hydrodynamic lubrication of the journal bearings with the oil of non-Newtonian properties. For the analysis of the hydrodynamic lubrication, a constitutive model of the third order was assumed. The assumed model consist of a Newtonian part –pI+nA1&enspand non-Newtonian part &beta3&ensp tr(A12)A1. The Main part of this paper concerns transformation, nondimensionalization, and an estimation of order of magnitude of the equation, which describes the apparent viscosity. Apparent viscosity describes changes of the dynamic viscosity with shear rate. In this way prepared model of apparent viscosity is used in momentum equations. This equations are integrated in order to designate components of the velocity vector. By substitution of the proper boundary conditions, modified Reynolds type equation is obtained. A further stage of the research will be proceeding of the numerical calculations of the hydrodynamic pressure distribution followed by the designation of the carrying capacity, friction force and friction coefficient while taking changes of the viscosity from shear rate into account (apparent viscosity).

PL

Prezentowana w artykule tematyka dotyczy problemu hydrodynamicznego smarowania poprzecznych łożysk ślizgowych olejem o właściwościach nienewtonowskich. Do analizy hydrodynamicznego smarowania przyjęto część modelu konstytutywnego trzeciego rzędu. Przyjęty model składa się z części opisującej właściwości newtonowskie –pI+nA1&ensporaz części opisującej właściwości nienewtonowskie &beta3&ensp tr(A12)A1. Zasadnicza część pracy dotyczy przekształcenia, ubezwymiarowienia oraz oszacowaniu rzędu wielkości równania opisującego lepkość pozorną, w której uwzględnia się zmiany lepkości dynamicznej od szybkość ścinania. Tak opracowany model lepkości pozornej podstawiany jest do równań pędu i ciągłości strugi. Równania te są całkowane w celu wyznaczenia składowych wektora prędkości. Przy nałożeniu odpowiednich warunków brzegowych uzyskuje się również zmodyfikowane równanie typu Reynoldsa. Dalszym etapem badań będzie wykonanie obliczeń numerycznych rozkładu ciśnienia hydrodynamicznego a następnie wyznaczeniu siły nośnej, siły tarcia i współczynnika tarcia z uwzględnieniem zmian lepkości od szybkości ścinania (lepkości pozornej).

5

Carrying capacity and friction forces in a transverse journal bearing, lubricated with non-Newtonian oil

Miszczak A., Sikora G.

Journal of KONES

|

2017

|

Vol. 24, No. 3

203--210

EN

In this article, the authors present the results of numerical calculations. Calculations concern dimensionless carrying capacity and friction forces in a transverse journal bearing, lubricated by the oil of non-Newtonian properties. For analytical-numerical considerations a model of apparent viscosity changes based on exploitation time, pressure, temperature, shear rate was assumed The non-Newtonian properties of lubricating oil were characterized by increasing viscosity with increasing shear rate and described as an additional part in the constitutive equationβ3·tr(A1 2)A1. Analytical-numerical calculations were performed for smooth, non-porous plain bearing with full angle of wrap. Non-isothermal, laminar and fixed flow of lubricant in the lubrication gap of the journal bearing was assumed. Numerical calculations of hydrodynamic pressure distribution were made for Reynolds boundary conditions. The finite difference method was used to determine the Reynolds equation and the successive approximation method by taking into account the influence of pressure, temperature and non-Newtonian properties on the change of apparent viscosity. The results of the calculations are presented in the form of graphs and tables illustrating the influence of relative eccentricity and pressure, temperature and non-Newtonian properties on changes in the dimensionless load and friction force. Analysis of the obtained results illustrates the high-pressure effect on the increase of the carrying capacity and friction force for high relative eccentricities. A similar situation is by considering the non-Newtonian properties.

6

The Effect of Nickel on Shaping the Structure of Al-Cu-Mn Alloys

Górny M., Sikora G., Tyrała E.

Journal of Casting & Materials Engineering

|

2017

|

Vol. 1, no. 1

20--26

EN

This study investigated the effect of nickel on shaping the structure of aluminum alloys of the Al-Cu-Mn type in the “as-cast” condition and after heat treatment according to the T6 procedure. The aluminum alloys of type Al-5%Cu-1%Mn, containing nickel in a range of up to 1.9%, were taken into consideration in this work. Experiments were carried out for thin-walled thickness casting (g = 5 mm) and for reference casting with a wall thickness of g = 35 mm. Metallographic investigations of both the macro- and micro-structure were conducted to estimate the secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS), average diameter (dav) of the primary α (Al) grains, and surface fraction of the interdendritic phases (f). Moreover, the degree of dissolution of these interdendritic phases during the solution treatment process was determined. An SEM-EDS analysis was conducted, from which it follows that the addition of nickel at the level of 0.5% changes the un-dissolved particles from a needle-like β-Fe shape to blocky and coagulated. Higher additions of nickel starting from 0.88%) give rise to as many as four phases with higher copper content, the deficit of which results in the smaller strengthening effect of α (Al) dendrites.

7

The Influence of Mg Additive on the Structure and Electrical Conductivity of Pure Copper Castings

Kranc M., Sikora G., Górny M., Garbacz-Klempka A.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

|

2017

|

Vol. 17, iss. 4

85--90

EN

The aim of this paper was to attain defect free, pure copper castings with the highest possible electrical conductivity. In this connection, the effect of magnesium additives on the structure, the degree of undercooling (ΔTα = Tα-Tmin, where Tα – the equilibrium solidification temperature, Tmin – the minimum temperature at the beginning of solidification), electrical conductivity, and the oxygen concentration of pure copper castings have been studied. The two magnesium doses have been investigated; namely 0.1 wt.% and 0.2 wt.%. A thermal analysis was performed (using a type-S thermocouple) to determine the cooling curves. The degree of undercooling and recalescence were determined from the cooling and solidification curves, whereas the macrostructure characteristics were conducted based on a metallographic examination. It has been shown that the reaction of Mg causes solidification to transform from exogenous to endogenous. Finally, the results of electrical conductivity have been shown as well as the oxygen concentration for the used Mg additives.

8

The change of friction and load-carrying capacity of the journal bearing with the consideration of the oil ageing

Sikora G., Miszczak A.

Tribologia

|

2016

|

nr 5

171--181

EN

This paper presents numerical calculations of the hydrodynamic pressure distribution, carrying capacity, and friction coefficient in the gap of a journal bearing. The analysed bearing is lubricated using motor oil. In this paper, oil ageing and temperature influence on viscosity are taken into account. Viscosity changes in the pressure and shear rate are not considered. These changes will be considered in other papers. For the hydrodynamic lubrication analysis, laminar flow of the lubrication fluid and non-isothermal lubrication model of the journal bearing were assumed. As the constitutive equation, the classical, Newtonian model was used. This model was extended by the viscosity changes in temperature and exploitation time. For the considerations, the cylindrical journal bearing with the finite length and smooth bearing, with the full angle of wrap were taken.

PL

W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono obliczenia numeryczne rozkładu ciśnienia hydrodynamicznego, siły nośnej oraz współczynnika tarcia w szczelinie poprzecznego łożyska ślizgowego smarowanego olejem silnikowym z uwzględnieniem zmian lepkość oleju od temperatury i czasu eksploatacji. W pracy nie uwzględniano zmian lepkości od ciśnienia i szybkości ścinania. Takie zmiany będą uwzględnione w innych pracach. Do analizy hydrodynamicznego smarowania przyjęto laminarny przepływ cieczy smarującej oraz nieizotermiczny model smarowania łożyska ślizgowego. Jako równanie konstytutywne zastosowano klasyczny model newtonowski z uwzględnieniem zmian lepkości od temperatury i czasu eksploatacji. Do rozważań przyjęto walcowe łożysko ślizgowe o skończonej długości z gładką panewką o pełnym kącie opasania.

9

Effect of Titanium and Boron on the Stability of Grain Refinement of Al-Cu Alloy

Górny M., Sikora G., Kawalec M.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

|

2016

|

Vol. 16, iss. 3

35--38

EN

The present research was conducted on thin-walled castings with 5 mm wall thicknesses. This study addresses the effect of the influence of different master alloys, namely: (1) Al-5%Ti-1%B, (2) Al-5%Ti and (3) Al-3%B, respectively on the structure and the degree of undercooling (ΔTα = Tα-Tmin, where Tα - the equilibrium solidification temperature, Tmin - the minimum temperature at the beginning of α(Al) solidification) of an Al-Cu alloy. The process of fading has been investigated at different times spent on the refinement treatment ie. from 3, 20, 45 and 90 minutes respectively, from the dissolution of master alloys. A thermal analysis was performed (using a type-S thermocouple) to determine cooling curves. The degree of undercooling and recalescence were determined from cooling and solidification curves, whereas macrostructure characteristics were conducted based on a metallographic examination. The fading effect of the refinement of the primary structure is accompanied by a significant change in the number (dimension) of primary grains, which is strongly correlated to solidification parameters, determined by thermal analysis. In addition to that, the analysis of grain refinement stability has been shown with relation to different grain refinements and initial titanium concentration in Al-Cu base alloy. Finally, it has been shown that the refinement process of the primary structure is unstable and requires strict metallurgical control.

10

Równania hydrodynamicznego smarowania poprzecznych łożysk ślizgowych z uwzględnieniem starzenia się oleju

Sikora G., Miszczak A.

Logistyka

|

2015

|

nr 4

5649--5656, CD2

PL

Celem niniejszej pracy jest przedstawienie równań podstawowych hydrodynamicznej teorii smarowania w których uwzględniona będzie zmiana lepkości oleju smarującego od ciśnienia, temperatury, prędkości ścinania i czasu eksploatacji. Do analizy hydrodynamicznego smarowania przyjęto laminarny przepływ cieczy smarującej oraz nieizotermiczny model smarowania łożyska ślizgowego. Przyjęto walcowe łożysko ślizgowe o skończonej długości z gładką panewką o pełnym kącie opasania. W pracy przedstawiono równania podstawowe: równanie pędu, równanie ciągłości strugi, równanie zachowania energii we współrzędnych walcowych. Do rozważań przyjęto czynnik smarujący o nienewtonowskich właściwościach. Zmiany lepkości z czasem eksploatacji zamodelowano funkcją wykładniczą na podstawie wyników badań eksperymentalnych. Zaproponowano również przyjęcie modelu Corssa zmian lepkości dynamicznej w funkcji szybkości ścinania.

EN

The purpose of this paper is to present the basic equations of the hydrodynamic lubrication theory. Change of the oil viscosity in this equations depends on pressure, temperature, shear rate and exploitation time. Assumptions for the hydrodynamic lubrication analysis are laminar flow of the lubrication fluid and nonisothermal lubrication model. Considerations apply cylindrical journal bearing of finite length with a smooth bushing and full wrap angle. This paper presents the basic equations: momentum conservation equation, continuity equation, conservation of energy equation in cylindrical coordinates system. For the consideration, the non-Newtonian lubrication fluid was assumed. Dependence of the dynamic viscosity on the exploitation time was modeled by the exponential function based on the results of experimental studies. There was also cross model proposed to describe changes in dynamic viscosity in the changes of shear rate.

11

Determination of the material coefficients of the selected lubrication oils including ageing process

Sikora G., Miszczak A.

Logistyka

|

2015

|

nr 4

5641--5648, CD2

EN

Oil viscosity is a parameter influenced by many factors. Most of those factors are very well described in the literature. Such a factor is for example influence of the temperature or pressure on the oil’s viscosity. But there are also some parameters, which due to its complexity, are not described sufficiently. Such a parameter is influence of oil ageing on viscosity changes and pseudo-viscosity coefficients for the non-newtonian oils. Authors of this paper considered to determinate this parameters. Examined oil was Shell Helix AV-L, according to SAE 5W40, exploited in the personal car VW TOURAN, equipped with 2.0 L, turbocharged diesel motor. Examination of the viscosity changes in the function of shear rate, were performed on the Haake Mars III rheometer, using high shear rate chamber. Conditions of this examination were temperature of 40°C and shear rates between 0 and 73000 s-1. For the determination of pseudo-viscosity coefficients, combined analytical and experimental method, proposed by K. Wierzcholski [13] was used.

PL

Lepkość oleju smarowego jest parametrem na który wpływa wiele czynników. Dość powszechnie znany i zbadany został wpływ temperatury i ciśnienia na zmianę lepkości. Są jednak również parametry które, przede wszystkim ze względu na swoją złożoność, są opisane w sposób niewystarczający. Takim parametrem jest wpływ czasu eksploatacji na zmianę lepkości i współczynników pseudolepkości dla olejów o właściwościach nienewtonowskich. Wyznaczeniem tychże parametrów zajęli się autorzy w niniejszej pracy. Do badań wykorzystano olej silnikowy Shell Helix AVP SAE 5W40 użytkowany w silniku 2000cm3 TDI samochodu osobowego VW TURAN. Badania zmian lepkości w funkcji prędkości deformacji przeprowadzono na reometrze Hakke Mars III przy wykorzystaniu komory wysokiego ścinania. Badanie wykonano przy 40°C i prędkości ścinania zmieniającej się od 0 doj 73000 s-1. Do wyznaczenia współczynników pseudolepkości wykorzystano metodę analityczno-doświadczalną zaproponowaną przez K. Wierzcholskiego [13].

12

The influence of oil’s exploitation time on load carrying capacity in a slider bearing

Sikora G., Miszczak A.

Journal of KONES

|

2015

|

Vol. 22, No. 3

207--212

EN

In this paper, authors are presenting conclusions of the numerical calculations of pressure distribution and capacity in a slider bearing with taking changes of oil viscosity in exploitation time into account. Changes of the engine oil’s viscosity, which depend on the exploitation time, were determined on Haake Mars III rheometer and the conclusions were published in Solid State Phenomena and Logistyka in 2015. Numerical calculations were performed by solving of Reynolds equation, using finite difference method and own calculation procedures in Mathcad 15. Reynolds equation was developed by solving the continuity equation and the momentum conservation equation from the fundamentals. For the considerations, the laminar and stationary lubricating of the slider bearing of finite length and full angle of wrap were taken. Assumption of the stationary flow concerns lack of changes in flow parameters in short period of considered phenomena, f. ex. in one hour. Smooth and non-porous bushing were assumed. The aim of this paper was preliminary estimation of influence of viscosity changes in the exploitation time on the load carrying capacities of the cross slider bearing. Wherefore, the viscosity changes dependence on the pressure, temperature and also shear rate, were not taken into account. The basic equations were developed to the non-dimensional form and estimated according to the thin layer theory. In the calculations, the Reynolds boundary conditions concerning pressure distribution were taken into account. Preliminary calculations were performed for different models of viscosity changes in time and circumstances, where the viscosity increases and decreases in exploitation time.

13

Wpływ miedzi na strukturę pierwotną i przemianę eutektyczną w stopach Al-Cu

Sikora G.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

|

2015

|

Vol. 15, iss. 4 spec.

113--118

PL

W ramach niniejszej pracy zbadano wpływ miedzi (1-5 % mas.) na strukturę pierwotną i przemianę eutektyczną w stanie wyjściowym jak i modyfikowanym. W tym celu wykonano dwie serie wytopów: wyjściową oraz modyfikowaną, gdzie, jako modyfikatora użyto zaprawy AlTi5B1 w ilości 0,2 % mas. W przypadku serii stopów niemodyfikowanych w całym badanym zakresie zawartości miedzi obserwuje się krystalizację egzogeniczną, z dobrze rozwiniętymi gałęziami dendrytów (ziaren pierwotnych). Badania metalograficzne wykazały zmniejszenie szerokości ziaren kolumnowych ze wzrostem zawartości miedzi. W przypadku serii modyfikowanej obserwuje się transformację z ziaren kolumnowych na równoosiowe podczas krystalizacji (egzogeniczna-endogeniczna). W tym przypadku dendryty (ziarna) nie posiadają dobrze rozwiniętych gałęzi. Wykazano wpływ miedzi na zwiększenie liczby ziaren pierwotnych i zmniejszenie ich średniej średnicy wraz ze wzrostem zawartości miedzi w badanych stopach. [...]

EN

This paper investigated influence of copper content on the primary structure and eutectic transformation in Al-Cu alloys in base and modified states. In this aim two series of alloys was performed: first based and second modified with AlTi5B1 master alloy in amount of 0,2% mass percent. In case of first alloys series it was observed the exogenous crystallization with well expanded second dendrite arm spacing SDAS. The metallographic examinations was shown decrease width of columnar grains with amount of copper. In modified series was observed a transformation from columnar to equiaxed grains during solidification (exogenous-endogenous) process. In this case grains does not have well expanded second arm spacing as well as first series. It has been shown influence of copper on increase grains density and decrease their average diameter. [...]

14

Influence of Structure on the Thermophisical Properties of Thin Walled Castings

Górny M., Lelito J., Kawalec M., Sikora G.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

|

2015

|

Vol. 15, iss. 2 spec.

23--26

EN

This study addresses the effect of the cooling rate and of titanium additions on the thermophysical parameters of thin-walled compacted graphite iron (TWCGI) castings. Various molding materials were used (silica sand and insulating sand LDASC- Low-Density Alumina-Silicate Ceramic) to achieve different cooling rates. Different titanium additions were caused by various amount of Ferro Titanium. The research work was conducted for thin-walled iron castings with a 3-mm wall thickness. The tested material represents the occurrence of graphite in the shape of flakes (C and D types, according to the ISO Standard), nodules or compacted graphite with a percent of nodularity and different shape factor. Thermal conductivity has been determined by the laser flash technique in a temperature range of 22-600°C. The results show that the cooling rates together with the titanium content largely influence the graphite morphology and finally thermal conductivity of thin walled iron castings.

15

Anisotropic in Situ Metal Matrix Composite Reinforced with VC Carbide Fibres

Kawalec M., Górny M., Sikora G.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

|

2015

|

Vol. 15, iss. 1

21--24

EN

A eutectic reaction is a basic liquid-solid transformation, which can be used in the fabrication of high-strength in situ composites. In this study an attempt was made to ensure directional solidification of Fe-C-V alloy with hypereutectic microstructure. In this alloy, the crystallisation of regular fibrous eutectic and primary carbides with the shape of non-faceted dendrites takes place. According to the data given in technical literature, this type of eutectic is suitable for the fabrication of in-situ composites, owing to the fact that a flat solidification front is formed accompanied by the presence of two phases, where one of the phases can crystallise in the form of elongated fibres. In the present study an attempt was also made to produce directionally solidifying vanadium eutectic using an apparatus with a very high temperature gradient amounting to 380 W/cm at a rate of 3 mm/h. Alloy microstructure was examined in both the initial state and after directional solidification. It was demonstrated that the resulting microstructure is of a non-homogeneous character, and the process of directional solidification leads to an oriented arrangement of both the eutectic fibres and primary carbides.

16

Analysis of the modern oil viscosity changes during their operation in combustion engines

Młynarczak A., Sikora G.

Journal of KONES

|

2014

|

Vol. 21, No. 4

361--368

EN

During normal operation, oxidation products gradually foul lubricating oil and external contaminants like fuel, water, sulphur compounds and friction nodes wearing products. As a result, lubricating oil changes its properties, among other things viscosity. In normal service conditions of marine diesel engines lubricating oil viscosity increases due to vaporizing of lube oil light ends during operation in high-temperature areas and oxidation process. Quantity of organic particulates accumulated in lubricating oil increases as a result of oxidation process. Oxidation products have bigger than lubricating oil molecular weight. So as to prevent oxidation process-lubricating oils are provided with antioxidant additives. On the other hand mechanical breakdown of high molecular substances in diesel engine bearings and gas oil leakages cause lubricating oil viscosity drop. The test results presented in the paper show that the lubricating oil viscosity during its operation in the internal combustion engines decreases. The value of viscosity decrease depends mainly on the motor's technical condition, the amount of oil in lube oil system, mode of ignition and its operation. Viscosity tests were performed for the lubricating systems of different engines on a Haake III Mars rheometer at 90 􀃛C for variable shear rates. Additionally, in order to determine engine condition, the detail analysis of the tested oil chemical content has been made oil using Spectrol Q100 spectrometer. In the most cases, the research results indicate lubricating oils viscosity decrease and it is possible to determine the relationship between the dynamic viscosity changes and shear rates for the particular engines. In authors opinion the viscosity drop of the tested modern lubricating oils may be caused by better antioxidant additives, which effectively moderate or even prevent the oxidation process. Lubricating oils viscosity drop is dangerous phenomena due to the lowering of the bearings capacity force and possibility of boundary friction.

17

Weryfikacja modeli heterogenicznego zarodkowania ziaren pierwotnych w stopie Al-5Cu

Górny M., Sikora G.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

|

2014

|

Vol. 14, iss. 4 spec.

31--36

PL

Gęstość ziaren pierwotnych Nv po krystalizacji zależy od maksymalnego przechłodzenia ΔT ciekłego stopu. Zależność ta może być oparta o różne rozkłady statystyczne: Gaussa, Weibulla, lognormalny oraz zależy od charakterystyki heterogenicznych miejsc zarodkowania oraz ich aktywnej liczby obecnej w ciekłym stopie odlewniczym. Celem niniejszej pracy jest skonfrontowanie wyników doświadczalnych z istniejącymi już modelami Oldfielda, Frasia, lognormalnego oraz wyznaczenie wartości parametrów zarodkowania tych modeli, które są charakterystyczne dla badanego stopu Al-5Cu. Zweryfikowano modele zarodkowania ziaren fazy pierwotnej α(Al) w stopie Al-5Cu w stanie wyjściowym oraz modyfikowanym. Z przeprowadzonej analizy wynika, że model Oldfielda wykazuje dobrą zgodność z wynikami doświadczalnymi, ale tylko dla stanu wyjściowego, podczas gdy modele lognormalny oraz Frasia (oparty na rozkładzie statystycznym Weibulla) są równoważne pod względem dobrego odwzorowania wyników doświadczalnych dla zarodkowania ziaren fazy pierwotnej α(Al) w stopie Al-5Cu zarówno dla stanu wyjściowego jak i modyfikowanego.

EN

The grain density Nv after solidification is a function of maximum undercooling of a liquid alloy ΔT. This relationship may be based on the different statistical distributions: Gaussian, Weibull, Lognormal and depends on the characteristics of heterogeneous nucleation sites present in the liquid alloy. The purpose of this work was a compare the experimental data with the models: Oldfield, Fras and Lognormal and determination the nucleation parameters of these models, which are characteristic for the investigated alloy Al-5Cu. The models of nucleation of primary grains α(Al) in the alloy Al-5Cu was verified for two physicochemical state of liquid metal: base and refined. The analysis shows that the model Oldfield has a good compatibility with experimental results, but only for the base alloy. The lognormal and Fras (based on Weibull's distribution) models are equivalent as regards a good representation of the experimental results of the nucleation of primary grains α(Al) in the alloy Al-5Cu for both physicochemical state.

18

Effect of Modification and Cooling Rate on Primary Grain in Al-Cu Alloy

Górny M., Sikora G.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

|

2014

|

Vol. 14, iss. 3

21--24

EN

This paper presents a study of the effect of the modification and coolingrate on the grain countα(Al) in the Al-5Cu alloy. Research was performed on castings with walls thickness between 3 mm and 25 mm. Cooling curves were recorded to determine the cooling rate and the degree of undercooling at the beginning of solidification. It has been shown that cooling rate increases exponentially as the wall thickness of casting decreases. Moreover it has been demonstrated that the cooling rate of castings changes within a wide range (21ºC/s - 1ºC/s) when the wall thickness changes from 3 up to 25 mm. Metallographic examinations revealed primary grains (primary α(Al) grains).The paper show that the relationship between the grain count and the degree of undercooling (for non-modified and modified alloys) can be represented by the equation N = Nv = np·exp(-b/_Tα), based on the Weibull's distribution of the size of nucleation sites.

19

Effect of Cooling Rate on Microstructure of Thin-Walled Vermicular Graphite Iron Castings

Górny M., Kawalec M., Sikora G.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

|

2014

|

Vol. 14, iss. 1 spec.

139--142

EN

This article addresses the effect of cooling rate and of titanium additions on the microstructure of thin-walled vermicular graphite iron (TWCI) castings as determined by changing molding media, section size and Ferro Titanium. The research work was carried out on TWCI castings and reference castings of 2-5 mm and 13-mm wall thickness, respectively. Various molding materials were employed (silica sand and insulating sand ‘‘LDASC’’) to achieve different cooling rates. Thermal analysis was implemented for determinations of the actual cooling rates at the onset of solidification. This study shows that the cooling rates exhibited in the TWCI castings varies widely (70- 14oC/s) when the wall thickness is changed from 2 to 5 mm. In turn, this is accompanied by a significant variation in the vermicular graphite fraction. The resultant cooling rates were effectively reduced by applying an insulating sand in order to obtain the desired vermicular graphite shape. In addition, good agreement was found between the theoretical predictions of the solidification process and the experimental outcome. Ti additions in combination with LDASC sand molds were highly effective in promoting the development of over 80 % vermicular graphite in castings with wall thicknesses of 2 and 3 mm as evidenced by quantitative metallographic analyses.

20

The studies on lubricity and contamination analysis of the personal car’s lubricating oil with taking oil ageing into account

Sikora G.

Journal of KONES

|

2013

|

Vol. 20, No. 3

375--379

EN

In this paper, the results of researches on lubricity and content analysis of the personal car’s engine oil are presented. The measurements of lubricity are made on the T02-U four-ball tester. The content analysis is made on the Spectroil Q100 spectrometer, which makes it available to measure the amount of 24 chemical elements. Due to this analysis, technical condition of the engine is possible to estimate. Tested oil is Shell Helix AV-L, which was exploited in the personal car, Volkswagen Touran, equipped with the turbo charged diesel engine, with the capacity of 2.0 litres. The samples for oil ageing characteristics were taken from the engine in the intervals approx. 3500 km. This research was performed as a result of the other studies on the dynamic viscosity characteristics. In the viscosity researches for this oil, was shown, that in the first period of the exploitation time, the viscosity decreases significantly. Detailed research on the additives and wear products content, as well as a lubricity characteristic, defines the reason of such a significant decrease of the oil properties. This paper is a part of a wider research on the oil ageing characteristics. It will support development to the new mathematical model of the lubricating oil viscosity changes during the exploitation time of the engine