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Studies on rheological, structural, optical, electrical and surface properties of LiMn2O4 thin films by varied spin rates

Balakrishnan T., Subramanian N. S., Kathalingam A.

Materials Science Poland

2017

Vol. 35, No. 3

626--631

LiMn2O4 thin films prepared by cost-effective spin coating method using optimized coating conditions are reported. Spin rate was varied and spin rate dependent properties were studied. Prepared films were characterized for their structural, morphological and optical properties. X-ray diffraction study of LiMn2O4 thin films confirmed the cubic spinel structure with the preferred orientation along (1 1 1) plane. Optical absorption studies showed band gap energy of 3.02 eV for the grown LiMn2O4 films. FT-IR bands assigned to asymmetric stretching modes of MnO6 group were located around 623 cm−1 and 514 cm−1 for the LiMn2O4 thin films. The weak band observed at 437 cm−1 was attributed to the LiO4 tetrahedra. The films showed high conductivity value 0.79 S/cm indicating the generation of effective network of the film for enhanced charge transport. AFM micrographs of the LiMn2O4 films deposited at 3000 rpm and 3500 rpm showed uniform distribution of fine grains throughout the surface without any dark pits, pinholes and cracks.

Distribution and Seasonal Variation of Heavy Metals in Sediments of Muthupet Lagoon, Southeast Coast of India

Balakrishnan T., Sundaramanickam A., Shekhar S., Balasubramanian T.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2015

Vol. 16, nr 3

49--60

This study deals with seasonal variation of heavy metals in sediments of Muthupet lagoon, Southeast coast of India from September 2011 to August 2012. The bulk sediments were association with sand, silt and clay. Geoaccumulation index (lgeo) was used to quantitatively assess the influences of heavy metal pollution. Heavy metals were determined by using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) and the results were compared to permissible limits of WHO/USEPA. The minimum concentration of heavy metals in all the stations were found during the post monsoon and summer seasons and the maximum concentration of heavy metals in all the stations were found during the premonsoon and monsoon seasons. The reason for the pollution was land drainage, irrigation through channels and municipal wastes and also the peak agricultural activities due to the release of fresh water from reservoirs. Among all the metals iron was found to be maximum in all the stations in postmonsoon and summer season followed by magnesium and manganese. Apart from these three metal, all other six metals are recorded in moderate range. The reason for the high concentration of these metals are anthropogenic activity, agriculture, aquaculture and the rivers regular in and out flow throughout the study duration in the lagoon area.