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Possibilities of biocompatible material production using conform SPD technology

Palán J., Maleček L., Hodek J., Zemko M., Dzugan J.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 88, nr 1

5--11

EN

Purpose: At present, materials research in the area of SPD (severe plastic deformation) processes is very intensive. Materials processed by these techniques show better mechanical properties and have finer grain when compared to the input feedstock. The refined microstructure may be ultrafine-grained or nanostructured, where the grain size becomes less than 100 nm. One of the materials used for such processes is CP (commercially pure) titanium of various grades, which is widely used for manufacturing dental implants. The article deals with one of the technologies available for the production of ultrafine-grained titanium: Conform technology. CP titanium processed by CONFORM technology exhibits improved mechanical properties and very favourable biocompatibility, due to its fine-grained structure. The article presents the current experience in the production of ultrafine CP titanium using this technology. The main objective of this article is describing the behaviour of CP titanium during forming in the Conform device and its subsequent use in dental implantology. Design/methodology/approach: In the present study, commercially pure Grade 2 titanium was processed using the CONFORM machine. The numerical simulation of the process was done using FEM method with DEFORMTM software. The evaluation was performed by simple tensile testing and transmission electron microscopy. The first conclusions were derived from the determined mechanical properties and based on analogies in available publications on a similar topic. Findings: This study confirmed that the SPD process improves mechanical properties and does not impair the ductility of the material. The CONFORM process enables the continuous production of ultrafine-grained or nanostructured materials. Research limitations/implications: At the present work, the results show the possible way of continuous production of ultrafine-grained or nanostructured materials. Nevertheless, the further optimization is needed in order to improve the final quality of wires and stabilize the process. As these factors will be solved, the technology will be ready for the industry. Practical implications: The article gives the practical information about the continuous production of ultrafine-grained pure titanium Grade 2 and the possibility of use this material for dental implants. Originality/value: The present paper gives information about the influence of the CONFORM technology on final mechanical and structural properties with the emphasis on technological aspects.

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FEM model of induction hardening of gear of mixture material

Hodek J., Shykula P.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 71, nr 2

87--92

EN

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to describe the construction of an FEM model for computing residual stresses generated by induction hardening of a high-carbon steel gear. Design/methodology/approach: The 3D FEM model comprised two parts. The first one which dealt with induction heating was prepared using MSC Marc commercial software. The second one, a model of temperature and deformation fields, was developed with the aid of DEFORM 3D commercial software. Material data was considered to be temperature-dependent. In the second part of the model, the material data was defined on the mixture basis: a separate temperature-dependent data set was specified for each phase, including transformation rules. The data was obtained in part by measuring and in part by calculation using JMatPro commercial software. Temperatures during heating and cooling were measured by means of thermocouples. The convection heat transfer coefficient was determined and the model of induction heating validated using the measured data. The thickness of the martensitic layer upon heat treatment was measured to validate the model. Findings: The 3D FEM model described here predicts the temperature distribution during heat treatment and the thickness of the martensitic layear upon heat treatment accurately. It was thus deduced that this material model was defined correctly and that the calculation of residual stresses would correspond to the reality. Practical implications: Future work should focus on refining the model, e.g. on incorporating transformation plasticity and on analysing the relationship between the residual stress distribution upon heat treatment and the part’s fatigue. Originality/value: The material model described in this article takes into account phase transformations which have a substantial impact on the post-treatment distribution of residual stresses. The 3D FEM model with this type of definition of material provides good predictions of residual stress distribution in the gear.

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Continuous extrusion of commercially pure titanium GRADE 4

Palan J., Taboada J. V., Kubina T., Malecek L., Hodek J.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 69, nr 1

33--37

EN

Purpose: Continuous extrusion of metals using Conform™ machine is used to introduce severe plastic deformation and to improve mechanical properties of metals by reducing their grain size. This paper describes a development of a continuous extrusion sequence for Ti grade 4 in the CONFORM 315i machine. Design/methodology/approach: The influence of material flow conditions on the surface quality of final extruded rods was analyzed with the FEM-based DEFORMTM software. Findings: During the development, several process parameters were varied, such as the die chamber temperature and the extrusion velocity. Research limitations/implications: The goal was to conduct the experiment at the lowest possible temperature in order to achieve a maximum strain hardening effect. The material’s mechanical properties and its flow through the die chamber were studied. The homogeneity of the material flow and the surface quality of final rods were then optimized. Originality/value: The effort led to improvements in the analytical model used in the FEM simulation so that the surface quality can now be optimized more efficiently.