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Structural and Physiological Properties of Footwear Textiles

Kaziur Patrycja, Mikołajczyk Zbigniew

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2023

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Vol. 31, no. 5

75--85

EN

Textile uppers in the form of fitted knitted fabrics are now gaining in importance in the production of commercial footwear. The subject of this study was twelve different textile uppers and two reference leather materials. Structural properties and parameters of physiological comfort were characterized for selected variants. In order to analyze the thermo-physiological properties of the upper parts of the footwear, air permeability, thermal insulation properties, water vapor permeability and sorption properties were measured. Among the variants of textile uppers analyzed, the most desirable functional properties were shown by knitted fabrics made on cylindrical crochet machines of large diameters. The varnished cowhide leather variant was characterized by the worst hygienic properties.

2

Knitted Heating Mats

Pieklak Katarzyna, Mikołajczyk Zbigniew, Łopińska Julianna

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2023

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Vol. 31, no. 6

39--50

EN

The paper deals with conceptual designs and research on flexible knitted heating mats differing in construction from textile heaters on low-elastic woven or nonwoven-foil substrates. Two variants of heating mats with elasticity from 100 to 300 % of relative elongation were designed and manufactured using knitting technology. The heating elements of the mats were parallel-connected sets of electrically conducted carbon threads and synthetic threads coated with silver. With considerable elongation in the range of 210÷270 % no damage was observed to the heating elements and resistance changes during the stretching process equaled from 0.015 to 0.22 Ω/% of elongation. The optimum power of the knitted heater in the range from 16 to 41 W, with high thermal efficiency for a 12 V supply voltage, was obtained thanks to proper density of the electrically conductive threads (resistors) and the appropriate structure of the knitted fabric. The surface temperature of the heater can be adjusted from 34 to 43 °C, which corresponds to human thermal comfort. One of the variants of the knitted heaters was applied in the construction of the seat and backrest of an office chair.

3

Thermal Analysis of Heating–Cooling Mat of Textile Incubator for Infants

Mikołajczyk Zbigniew, Szałek Agnieszka

Autex Research Journal

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2021

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Vol. 21, no. 3

305--322

EN

On the medical device market there are several types of stationary and portable incubators that can be used in the care of infants. The prototype of a textile incubator made as part of this work consists of five material layers. The textile incubator is equipped with a functional heating and cooling mat, which is made on the basis of 3D channeled weft-knitted fabric. Its function is to generate heat and maintain it inside the textile incubator or to cool the baby's body while using therapeutic hypothermia. The mat is equipped with hoses transporting the heating or cooling medium. The mat, depending on variable input parameters, can emit heat in the range from 1.15 W to 86.88 W. In case of the cooling function, it can receive heat in the range from −4.32 to −27.96 W. This indicates a large adjustment range of the amount of heat supplied and received, which is a positive feature, and enables programming the heat balance to ensure comfort for the baby. The analysis of temperature measurements on the mat surface confirmed that maximum temperature differences do not exceed 1.6°C.

4

Phototherapy in the Treatment of Diabetic Foot - A Preliminary Study

Mikołajczyk Zbigniew, Nowak Iwona, Kawiński Andrzej, Mik Michał

Autex Research Journal

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2021

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Vol. 21, no. 4

482--490

EN

The first part of the publication presents a substantively insightful literature study on the essence and effects of light waves on wound healing in living organisms, including the use of phototherapy in the treatment of the diabetic foot. A knitted textile dressing was designed and manufactured for phototherapy of patients with diabetes suffering from diabetic foot syndrome (DFS). The proposed solution is intended for the treatment of dermal tissues within the patient's foot affected because of diabetic disease at an early stage. Thus, the use of a knitted dressing with incorporated fiber optic structures and powered by a semiconductor laser emitting a 405 nm light wave from its entire surface would prevent further anomalies of the patient's tissues and help to avoid surgical intervention.

5

Empirical Analysis of the Impact Strength of Textile Knitted Barrier Meshes

Mikołajczyk Zbigniew, Szałek Beata, Pieklak Katarzyna

Autex Research Journal

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2021

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Vol. 21, no. 4

363--378

EN

The assumptions of instrumental methodology for measuring dynamic loads of knitted barrier meshes were defined. A test stand was built, original in terms of both mechanical construction and electronic measuring system, connected to a computer data analysis system. Maximum values of dynamic forces in the mesh fastening strings were determined. The correctness of the strain gauges construction and measurement data transmission systems was confirmed. Tests of multidirectional resistance to dynamic loads in the mesh fastening strings were carried out. The experiment involved dropping a ball with a mass of 5 kg and a diameter of 10 cm, from a height of 1 m and 2 m onto the mesh surface. The potential impact energy equaled Ep1 = 49.05 J and Ep2 = 98.1 J. The tests showed that the highest force values were observed for meshes with square-shaped a-jour structure, and for mesh with diamond-shaped a-jour geometry the force values were lower. A symmetrical forces distribution was observed in all the strings. The highest forces were recorded in the middle strings and the lowest in the outer ones. The conducted tests confirmed the correctness of the adopted constructional solutions of test stand for identification of dynamic stress distribution in mesh fastening strings. The developed method is a useful verification tool for numerical analysis of mechanical properties of barrier meshes.

6

Polskie owczarstwo w 2019 roku

Czaplicki Zdzisław, Mikołajczyk Zbigniew, Prążyńska Aleksandra

Przegląd Włókienniczy - Włókno, Odzież, Skóra

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2020

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nr 10-11

18--22

PL

W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono aktualny stan ilościowy i rasowy owiec w Polsce w roku 2019 oraz zmiany, jakie dokonywały się w polskim owczarstwie w ostatnich latach. Najniższy stan pogłowia owiec wystąpił w roku 2014 i wynosił 201 271 sztuk. Od roku 2017 Instytut Włókien Naturalnych i Roślin Zielarskich w Poznaniu realizuje Program Wieloletni (2017-2020), który zakłada wzrost pogłowia owiec do 500 tys. sztuk. Aktualny stan pogłowia owiec, na koniec roku 2019, wynosi 267 730 sztuk. Rozwój hodowli owiec powinien iść w kierunku rasy merynos polski, w której możliwe jest uzyskanie wełny o grubości poniżej 26 μm, tzn. takiej jakiej oczekuje przemysł wełniarski.

EN

The current quantitative and breed status of sheep in Poland in 2019 and changes that have occurred in the Polish sheep-fold in recent years are presented. The lowest number of sheep was in 2014 and amounted to 201,271 heads. Since 2017, the Long-Term Program (2017-2020) implemented by the Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants in Poznan assumes an increase in the sheep population to 500 thousand pieces. Currently, the sheep population at the end of 2019 is 267,730 heads. The development of sheep breeding should go towards the Polish Merino breed, where it is possible to obtain wool with a thickness of less than 26 μm, i.e. the type expected by the wool industry.

7

Functional Model of a Warp-Knitted Machine for Producing 3D Technical Knitted Fabrics

Michalak Andrzej, Mikołajczyk Zbigniew

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2020

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Vol. 28, no. 5 (143)

97--105

EN

The article describes the construction and testing of a functional model of an innovative warp – knitting machine for technical spatial knitted fabrics with an original structure. Design assumptions regarding the geometrical, kinematic and driving characteristics of the machine are described. The functional model as well as its physical implementation as a research stand are presented. The production phases of the 3D knitted fabric are also demonstrated. The research results are described and their importance for the construction of a machine prototype of the production version are emphasised.

PL

W artykule opisano konstrukcję i badania modelu funkcjonalnego innowacyjnej osnowarki do technicznych dzianin przestrzennych o oryginalnej strukturze. Przedstawiono założenia projektowe dotyczące geometrii, kinematyki i napędów maszyny. Zaprezentowano projekt modelu funkcjonalnego oraz jego fizyczną realizację jako stanowiska badawczego. Opisano fazy tworzenia dzianiny 3D. Przedstawiono wyniki badań oraz podkreślono ich znaczenie dla budowy prototypu maszyny w wersji produkcyjnej.

8

Optimization of Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Knitted Barrier Meshes

Mikołajczyk Zbigniew, Szałek Beata, Pieklak Katarzyna

Autex Research Journal

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2020

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Vol. 20, no. 4

461--475

EN

This article focuses on the analysis of mechanical properties of knitted barrier meshes and refers to general problems related to safety engineering. The conducted analysis of the effectiveness of absorbing impact energy by textile barriers, which positively affect the human body, clearly indicates the possibility of applying them in the field of road engineering as a new generation of road barriers. The characteristic features of the new generation of barriers are their openwork multiaxial structure based on various geometric shapes of the a-jour structure. Twenty models of barrier meshes with a-jour structure in the shape of tetragons (squares and diamonds), triangles, regular polygons (hexagons, octagons, and dodecagons), and circles were designed. Simulation research that aimed to optimize the structure of knitted openwork meshes to obtain minimum reduced stresses in strings, knots, and arms of the mesh was performed. The preferred solution is the four-axial eight-thread mesh with square-shaped a-jour structure with stress equal to Δб = 0.43 GPa/kg and the mesh with thickened diamond-shaped a-jour geometry with stress equal to Δб = 0.53 GPa/kg. Low stress values were also recorded for a four-axial six-thread mesh with square a-jour structure, for which Δб = 0.66 GPa/kg. The analyzed mesh models were implemented in the form of dozen designs of stitch constructions based on warp-knitting technology.

9

Impact of Whip Roller Parameters on Warp Dynamic Loads for 3D Fabrics Made on a Four-Comb Warp-Knitting Machine

Michalak Andrzej, Kuchar Maciej, Mikołajczyk Zbigniew

Autex Research Journal

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2020

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Vol. 20, no. 1

73--77

EN

The most advantageous geometry of the warp feeding system was determined from the viewpoint of compensating temporary changes in the warp length during the technological cycle of a four-comb warp-knitting machine. Dynamic simulations of the feeding system were carried out for 3 different lengths of the shift of the slider with a guide bar – designating variants (series) of the cross-sectional sizes of the 3D knitted fabrics. The courses of instantaneous warp tensions during the operating cycle of the warp-knitting machine were presented. Limit dynamic loads of the warp were determined and presented as a function of natural frequency of the whip roller. Based on the criterion of the smallest dynamic loads of the warp, the optimum natural frequencies of the whip roller were determined. In the analyzed range of the whip roller parameters, they are 3–6 times greater than the operation frequency of the warp-knitting machine.

10

Polskie owczarstwo w 2018 roku

Czaplicki Zdzisław, Mikołajczyk Zbigniew, Prążyńska Aleksandra

Przegląd Włókienniczy - Włókno, Odzież, Skóra

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2019

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nr 12

31--35

PL

Przedstawiono stan ilościowy i rasowy owiec w Polsce w roku 2018 oraz zmiany, jakie dokonywały się polskim owczarstwie w ostatnich latach. Najniższy stan pogłowia owiec wystąpił w roku 2014 i wynosił 201 271 sztuk Od roku 2015 następuje stopniowy wzrost pogłowia owiec, a jego stan na koniec grudnia 2018 roku wynosi 266 913 sztuk. Realizacja przez Instytut Włókien Naturalnych i Roślin Zielarskich w Programie Wieloletnim zadania dotyczącego odbudowy potencjału produkcji wełny owczej oraz rozwój produkcji i przetwórstwa wełny alpak umożliwia uzyskanie wiedzy o stanie jakościowym wełen z polskich ras owiec. Pozyskana wiedza da podstawę do ukierunkowania rozwoju hodowli owiec odpowiedniej rasy lub ras, które dadzą wełnę o grubości poniżej 26 μm, tzn. taką jakiej oczekuje przemysł włókienniczy.

EN

This paper presents the state of the quantity and breed of sheeps in Poland in the year 2018 as well as the changes that occurred in polish sheep breeding during the last years. The lowest state of polish sheeps occurred in 2014 year at the quantity of 201 271 sheeps. From 2015 it has increased in the sheeps breeding and its state on the end of December 2018 year was 266 913 sheeps. The realization in Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants in the Multiyear Program the task concerning the revitalization of the potential of sheeps wool production and the development of production and the development of manufacturing alpaca wool gives the chance for obtaining the knowledge on the quality state of wool from the polish breeds sheeps. Such knowledge gives the basis to point the direction of development of sheeps breed regard of breed or breeds, which can give the wool of the thickness below 26 mm, i.e., that awaits the textile industry.

11

Polskie owczarstwo w 2017 roku

Czaplicki Zdzisław, Mikołajczyk Zbigniew, Prążyńska Aleksandra

Przegląd Włókienniczy - Włókno, Odzież, Skóra

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2019

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nr 3

14--17

PL

W artykule przedstawiono stan ilościowy i rasowy owiec w Polsce w roku 2017 oraz zmiany jakie dokonywały się polskim owczarstwie w ostatnich pięciu latach. Najniższy stan pogłowia owiec wystąpił w roku 2014 i wynosił 201 271 sztuk. Od roku 2015 następuje stopniowy wzrost pogłowia owiec, a jego stan na koniec grudnia 2017 roku wynosił 268 541 sztuk. Realizacja przez IWNiRZ w Programie Wieloletnim zadania dotyczącego odbudowy potencjału produkcji wełny owczej oraz rozwój produkcji i przetwórstwa wełny alpak daje szansę na uzyskanie wiedzy o stanie jakościowym wełen z polskich ras owiec. Pozyskana wiedza da podstawę do ukierunkowania rozwoju hodowli owiec odpowiedniej rasy lub ras, które dadzą wełnę o grubości poniżej 26 μm, tzn. taką jakiej oczekuje przemysł włókienniczy.

EN

This paper presents the state of the quantity and breed of sheeps in Poland in 2017 as well as the changes that occurred in polish sheep breeding during the last 5 years. The lowest state of polish sheeps occurred in 2014 year at the quantity of 201 271 sheeps. From 2015 it occurs the gradual increase in the sheeps breeding and its state on the end of December 2017 year was 268 541 sheeps. The realization in Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants in the Multiyear Program the task concerning the revitalization of the potential of sheeps wool production and the development of production and the development of manufacturing alpaca wool gives the chance for obtaining the knowledge on the quality state of wool from the polish breeds sheeps. Such knowledge gives the basis to point the direction of development of sheeps breed regard of breed or breeds, which can give the wool of the thickness below 26 mm, i.e., that awaits the textile industry.

12

Knitted Meshes for Reinforcing Building Composites

Mikołajczyk Zbigniew, Pieklak Katarzyna, Roszak Aleksandra

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2019

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Vol. 27, no. 4 (136)

102--111

EN

Modern technical textiles, including knitted fabrics, are widely used in the construction industry. Regarding textiles in concrete reinforcement, methods based on shredded fibres, meshes, reinforcing mats, woven textiles and knitted DOS tapes are frequently used as underlays of concrete constructions. Textiles are also used in the reinforcement of fibrous FRP composites. The research presented focused on producing composites made of Mapei Mapefill concrete mass with reinforcement in the form of three variants of knitted meshes made of 228 tex polyamide threads, polypropylene threads of 6.3 tex and 203 tex glass threads, as well as identification of their mechanical properties. The mesh variant made of glass fibre is especially noteworthy, as its strength is more than three times higher than that of polyamide meshes. At the same time, a very small relative elongation of 3% is observed for this variant of knitted fabric, which is a desired property regarding the comparatively low stretching extension of concrete. In the process of making the composites, the adhesion of the concrete mass to the surface of the threads was analyzed. For this purpose, a “Sopro HE449” type agent was used. Composite beams were subjected to a three-point bending strength analysis on a testing machine. The results of strength measurements of the composites obtained prove that those with glass fibres demonstrate a threefold increase in strength compared to the original concrete beam.

PL

Nowoczesne tekstylia techniczne, w tym tekstylia dziane mają szerokie zastosowanie w budownictwie. Odnośnie tekstyliów w zbrojeniu betonu można zauważyć, iż stosowane są metody wykorzystujące rozdrobnione włókna, siatki i maty zbrojeniowe, struktury taśm tekstylnych tkanych i dzianych DOS w podklejaniu konstrukcji betonowych. Tekstylia stosuje się także w zbrojeniach kompozytów włóknistych FRP. W programie zaprezentowanych badań założono wytworzenie i zidentyfikowanie właściwości mechanicznych kompozytów zbudowanych z masy betonowej Mapefill firmy Mapei ze wzmocnieniem w postaci trzech wariantów dzianych siatek zbrojeniowych z nitek z włókien poliamidowych 228 tex, polipropylenowych 6,3 tex i szklanych 203 tex. Na uwagę zasługuje wariant siatki z włóknemn szklanym, dla którego wytrzymałość jest ponad trzykrotnie większa w porównaniu do struktur siatek poliamidowych. Jednocześnie dla tego wariantu dzianiny występuje bardzo małe wydłużenie względne w wysokości 3%, co jest korzystną cechą w odniesieniu do porównywalnie niskiego wydłużenia rozciągającego beton. W procesie wytwarzania kompozytów przeanalizowano adhezję masy betonowej do powierzchni nitek z zastosowaniem środka typu „Sopro HE449”. Belki kompozytowe poddano analizie wytrzymałościowej na zginanie trójpunktowe na maszynie wytrzymałościowej. Otrzymane wyniki pomiarów wytrzymałości kompozytów świadczą, iż kompozyt z udziałem włókna szklanego daje trzykrotny wzrost wytrzymałości w stosunku do wyjściowej belki betonowej.