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Challenges for integration of remotely piloted aircraft systems into the European sky

Zieliński T., Marud W.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2019

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z. 102

217--229

EN

Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) are widely used in the civil sphere. They offer capabilities predisposed them to be employed by state services in ensuring security and public order, as well as in commercial activities. It should be assumed that the number of RPAS users will grow in geometric progression. It also applies to the European Union, where the market of RPAS is considered to be one of the most prospective in the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. This situation generates specific problems that should be solved in order to develop the RPAS’ market without limitations as a part of the European aviation system. The final state should be full integration of RPAS into the European aviation system, to conduct flight operations in non-segregated airspace without additional administrative constraints. Some efforts have been made to achieve this ambitious goal in the European Union. The paper summarises the current status of the legal framework and projects connected with the integration of RPAS into the European airspace. It is mainly based on qualitative analysis of source materials. The purpose of the paper is to identify key problem areas, the solution of which will contribute to the integration of RPAS into the European civil aviation system. An analysis of normative documents functioning in the European Union (EU) relating to RPAS has been carried out. In particular, the European Commission (EC) documents and regulations related to RPAS proposed by the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) have been taken into account. Three crucial areas have been identified as challenges for the integration of RPAS into the European civil aviation system. Firstly, general concepts of integration of Remotely Piloted Aircraft into the European airspace including the development of the U-space concept. Secondly, the field of legal regulations, without which the functioning of RPAS as a part of the European aviation system is impossible. In this context, it is justified to continue the implementation of the Roadmap for the integration of civil Remotely-Piloted Aircraft Systems into the European Aviation System proposed by the EC in 2013. Also relevant are the EASA proposals for categorising RPAS and conducting flight operations based on the risk approach which is a new solution. The discussion may be triggered due to by-pass of all regulatory competencies to EASA, without taking into account the specificity of the national systems. Thirdly, the societal field. Full integration of RPAS into the European civil aviation system requires social acceptance for air operations involving RPAS. Despite the undeniable social benefits of RPAS utilisation, in particular in ensuring security and public order, it will be necessary to address issues related to the perception of RPAS by the public, including privacy and data protection, law enforcement associated with the application of RPAS, third-party liability and insurance requirements of RPAS.

2

Wybrane teorie i poglądy na użycie lotnictwa w Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej

Bartnik R., Marud W.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2016

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nr 2(103)

175--194

PL

Samolot, jako nowy rodzaj broni, który na większą skalę pojawił się w czasie pierwszej wojny światowej, nie dokonał przełomu w sztuce jej prowadzenia. Dostrzeżono jednak w lotnictwie potencjalną siłę, która może zmienić obraz przyszłej wojny. Dlatego po wojnie podjęto działania zmierzające z jednej strony do uporządkowania doświadczeń z tego okresu, z drugiej zaś do opracowania nowych koncepcji zastosowania lotnictwa w walce zbrojnej. Poglądy teoretyków ewoluowały. Było to spowodowane szybkim rozwojem lotnictwa, który umożliwiał spojrzenie na ten rodzaj broni w sposób odmienny. Krytyczna analiza teorii i poglądów wskazuje, że wojskowe środowisko Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej pilnie śledziło głosy płynące zarówno z państw ościennych, jak i tych dalszych, kształtując w ten sposób nową jakość w walce zbrojnej. Niektórzy z polskich teoretyków głosili pogląd, że lotnictwo – przy odpowiednim wsparciu ze strony sił lądowych i marynarki wojennej – będzie w stanie „opanować” nieprzyjaciela z powietrza i tym samym skłonić go do kapitulacji. W przekonaniu autorów artykułu, powyższa kwestia jest pochodną rozwiązania problemu badawczego, sformułowanego w postaci pytania: jakie teorie i poglądy na użycie polskiego lotnictwa istniały w okresie Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej?

EN

During World War I an aircraft was used relatively extensively as a new tool for war; however, it did not make a breakthrough in the art of war as such. Nevertheless, it became obvious that the aircraft might pose a threat that was able to change ways next wars would be waged. On one hand, military thinkers made an effort to draw conclusions from the lessons learned during the previous war. On the other, they started working out new approaches to the implementation of aircraft into operations. Polish military thinkers of the inter war period were involved in the process and looking carefully at different ideas unfolded abroad allowing them to influence Polish theories. Some of Polish theorists advocated that having appropriate support from land and navy forces, aviation would be able to coerce an enemy from the air and to force the opponent to capitulation. The authors of the article argue that the above is a derivative of an answer to the question: what theories and ideas on the use of the Polish Air Force existed during the Second Republic?

3

Teoria a praktyka użycia sił powietrznych we współczesnych konfliktach zbrojnych

Marud W.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Sił Powietrznych

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2011

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Nr 2

72--88

PL

W zgodnym podejściu teoretyków i praktyków wojny powietrznej, wywalczenie panowania (przewagi) w powietrzu i oddziaływanie na środki ciężkości przeciwnika to klasyczne i najtrwalsze kanony strategii powietrznych, do których stosowanie się daje nadzieję optymalnego wykorzystania zdolności lotnictwa. Na sposobach realizacji tych założeń koncentruje się większość istniejących teorii użycia lotnictwa, a niektóre z nich próbowano zastosować w operacjach militarnych ostatnich dwóch dekad. Artykuł niniejszy przybliża te koncepcje teoretyczne, które w różnym stopniu wpłynęły na praktykę użycia sił powietrznych w pozimnowojennych konfliktach zbrojnych.

EN

Theorists and practicians of aerial warfare agree with the idea, that gaining and maintaining air supremacy (superiority) and next attacking enemy's centers of gravity are classical and most tenacious element of air strategy. The majority of existing air power theories are focused on ways and methods of using air force capabilities in an optimal and efficient manner. Some of them have been tried to be applied to military operations during last two decades. This article points out air power theories which had an influence on air force operations in armed conflicts of the post cold war era.

4

Bombardowania lotnicze z perspektywy prawa międzynarodowego

Marud W.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2010

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nr 4(81)

128-147

EN

In the light of the most commonly accepted social norm, the land warfare law regulations apply to aerial warfare in case when the air forces operate in airspace above a land or in favour of land forces. Naval warfare law regulations apply in case of air force operation over a sea or in favour of naval forces. Therefore aerial bombardment is regulated by the same law provisions of international humanitarian law of armed conflicts as bombardment carried out in land or naval warfare. Targets, facilities, weapons and the way of attacking are subjected to these regulations. Additional restrictions imposed only on air forces concern the use of incendiary weapons and cluster bombs. The recent military operations practice, especially lessons learned from Allied Force operation show the need of further aerial warfare law development.

5

Targeting dynamiczny w siłach powietrznych XXI wieku

Marud W.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2005

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nr 3(60)A Numer Specialny

107-126

EN

Targeting is a notion that in a certain simplification means the process of designating and hierarchizing the targets to be destroyed, the selection of activities directed against them, estimating the needed level of damage and assessing the effects. The success of activities against high manoeuvrability targets of strategic and operation importance, which is the subject of dynamic targeting, depends on the time between the target detection and reaching the destruction capabilities Basing on the conclusions from dynamic targeting analyses in selected military operations, the author states a thesis that additional possibilities to shorten the dynamic targeting cycle and raising its effectiveness in this century will be achieved by improving the targeting organisation, new technologies of acquiring, processing and distributing reconnaissance information and the development of precision weapon insensitive to atmospheric conditions. The author claims that properly selected and well trained targeting personnel eligible for decision making and located in the air component’s centre of air operations is a reliable solution that gives future prospects in the area of dynamic targeting. Modern constructions using improved radar techniques will dominate the area of reconnaissance, whereas weapons guided by satellite navigation systems will dominate the combat assets area.