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Comparative analysis of a characterization of the built-up area and settlement network on Polish topographic maps from the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries

Ostrowski W., Karsznia I., Panecki T.

Polish Cartographical Review

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2018

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Vol. 50, No. 2

73--86

EN

Built-up area is a particularly important element of the content of topographic maps. Its presentation changes significantly when map scales are reduced, due to both conceptual and graphic generalization. What is more, historically, changes in the depiction of built-up area were consequences of changes in the intended use of topographic maps, development of technology and changes in the cultural landscape, of which the built-up area is an important component.1 The authors describe the method of presentation of built-up areas on six Polish topographic maps or series of maps. The above-mentioned maps include the following: – Topograficzna Karta Królestwa Polskiego (Topographic Map of the Polish Kingdom) at the scale of 1:126,000 developed in 1822–1843; – topographic maps of the Polish Military Geographical Institute (MGI) at the scales of 1:25,000 and 1:100,000, published in 1930s; – a series of military maps (or military-civilian maps) at the scales of 1:10,000, 1:25,000, 1:50,000 and 1:100,000, developed in 1956–1989, in accordance with the instruction for developing Soviet maps; – a series of civilian maps at the scales of 1:10,000, 1:25,000, 1:50,000 and 1:100,000 developed after 1995. The basis for a quantitative comparison of the content of the maps was the number of categories of objects (identifications) which constitute part of built-up area and are presented on individual maps as symbols, as well as the number of characteristics represented by these symbols. These characteristics are divided into two basic types: functional characteristics and physiognomic characteristics. The analysis shows that military maps issued after the Second World War differ from the civilian maps, as they contain a much larger share of physiognomic characteristics, which is caused mainly from the fact that the vast majority of military maps distinguish between wooden and brick buildings. This difference was to large extent already noticeable among the oldest of the analysed maps – the Quartermaster’s Map and nineteenth-century Russian maps, which were partly modelled on the Quartermaster’s Map, and later also Soviet maps. Due to political reasons, the model of these Soviet maps was later adopted for the development of post-war Polish military maps. Out of all maps drawn up by military services, the inter-war MGI map serves special attention, as it was modelled on German maps. The main difference between military and civilian maps is foremost the fact that civilian maps include more functional characteristics of buildings and take into consideration new physiognomic characteristics related to residential development (compact, dense, multifamily dwellings, single family dwellings). The analysed maps include not only the characteristics of buildings and built-up area, but also information on the features of the town – population size, number of village houses and the administrative function.

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Quantitative assessment of the scope of content of selected topographic maps of Polish lands from the 19th and the first half of the 20th century

Panecki T.

Polish Cartographical Review

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2017

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Vol. 49, No. 4

151--165

EN

The author presents an overview of the scope of content of selected topographic maps of Polish lands from the 19th and the first half of the 20th century in its quantitative aspect. 19 maps were analysed and a common conceptual model linked to the Database of Topographic Objects (DBTO10k) was developed on the basis of catalogues of object types. Quantitative statistics were also prepared for the object types from maps before and after harmonization. Differences between their numbers within the same maps reflect the conceptual variety of said maps. The number of types of objects (before and after harmonization) was then juxtaposed with selected thematic layers: water network, transport network, land cover, buildings, structures, and equipment, land use complexes, localities and other objects. Such factors as scales, publication dates and topographic services which created analysed maps were also taken into consideration. Additionally, the analysed maps demonstrate uneven levels of generalization. Inclusion of objects typical for large-scale cartography on topographic and general maps is one of the distinctive features.

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Porównanie zakresu i metod ujęcia treści na mapach topograficznych ziem zaboru rosyjskiego z przełomu XIX i XX wieku

Panecki T.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2015

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T. 47, nr 1

47--65

PL

Celem artykułu jest porównanie zakresu i metod ujęcia treści na mapach topograficznych z przełomu XIX i XX wieku obejmujących zabór rosyjski. Do analiz wybrano trzy mapy: rosyjską w skali 1:84 000, austriacką w skali 1:75 000 oraz niemiecką w skali 1:100 000. Do analizy wykorzystano arkusze z czterech obszarów badawczych: okolic Brześcia, Dęblina, Pińska oraz Pułtuska. Głównym etapem prac było opracowanie zestawienia legend w postaci tabeli dla poszczególnych warstw tematycznych: osadnictwa i zabudowy, sieci komunikacyjnej, obiektów sakralnych, obiektów gospodarczych i innych elementów topografii, użytkowania ziemi, wód, rzeźby terenu i granic. Założono, że mimo podobieństwa skal i materiałów źródłowych analizowane mapy cechują się różnorodnym przedstawieniem krajobrazu geohistorycznego. Osadnictwo na mapie rosyjskiej zostało przedstawione dosyć schematycznie, a na pozostałych znacznie bardziej szczegółowo. Niespójności dotyczą także sieci komunikacyjnej, użytkowania ziemi i wód, gdzie znajdują się elementy klasyfikowane na trzech mapach według zupełnie różnych kryteriów. Niekiedy na mapach austriackich i niemieckich pomijanie były pewne kategorii treści z mapy rosyjskiej, np. drogi faszynowane, drewniane kościoły czy radiostacje. Różnice te wynikają nie tylko z „wojennego” trybu opracowywania map niemieckiej i austriackiej, ale także ze świadomych ingerencji w zakres i metody ujęcia ich treści.

EN

The aim of the article was a comparison of the content’s scope, classification and presentation methods on topographical maps issued at the turn of 19th and 20th century covering the territory of former Russian partition. Three of such maps were chosen for the analysis, namely: Russian (scale 1:84,000), Austrian (scale 1:75,000) and German (scale 1:100,000). As a starting point of the study served an attempt at reconstruction of map legends, as, a coherent symbology key (i.e. map legend) can be found neither for Russian nor German map. It was conducted by employing the symbology keys prepared in the Interwar Period, as for the Russian map there was no legend enclosed, while in the case of German the legend enclosed featured only the road network. Apart from the legends, an analysis of the map sheets covering four areas was conducted. Those areas were, as follow: Brest, Dęblin, Pinsk and Pułtusk vicinites. The next stage was to elaborate a legend comparison with summary in the form of a table for particular thematic layers: settlement and built-up area, transport network, sacral buildings facilities and other buildings, land cover, hydrography, relief, and borders. An assumption was made that despite the apparent similarity of the scales (1:75,000, 1:84,000, 1:100,000) and source materials the maps analysed are distinct in terms of presentation of the geohistorical landscape. The settlements on the Russian map were illustrated in a schematic manner, while the other maps approached the subject more meticulously. The discrepancies involve also such areas as: road network, land cover, and waters, which were categorised along different sets of criterion. It happened that some categories present on the Russian map were absent from the Austrian and German. It involved such objects as: fascine roads, wooden churches or radiostations. Those differences stem from not only the “military mode” of elaboration of the German and Austria map, but also conscious interference in the scope of content and classification methods.

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The comparison of the scope of the content and classification methods on topographical maps of Polish territory annexed by Russia issued at the turn of 19th and 20th century

Panecki T.

Polish Cartographical Review

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2015

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Vol. 47, No. 1

45--62

EN

The aim of the article was a comparison of the content’s scope, classification and presentation methods on topographical maps issued at the turn of 19th and 20th century covering the territory of former Russian partition. Three of such maps were chosen for the analysis, namely: Russian (scale 1:84,000), Austrian (scale 1:75,000) and German (scale 1:100,000). As a starting point of the study served an attempt at reconstruction of map legends, as, a coherent symbology key (i.e. map legend) can be found neither for Russian nor German map. It was conducted by employing the symbology keys prepared in the Interwar Period, as for the Russian map there was no legend enclosed, while in the case of German the legend enclosed featured only the road network. Apart from the legends, an analysis of the map sheets covering four areas was conducted. Those areas were, as follow: Brest, Dęblin, Pinsk and Pułtusk vicinites. The next stage was to elaborate a legend comparison with summary in the form of a table for particular thematic layers: settlement and built-up area, transport network, sacral buildings facilities and other buildings, land cover, hydrography, relief, and borders. An assumption was made that despite the apparent similarity of the scales (1:75,000, 1:84,000, 1:100,000) and source materials the maps analysed are distinct in terms of presentation of the geohistorical landscape. The settlements on the Russian map were illustrated in a schematic manner, while the other maps approached the subject more meticulously. The discrepancies involve also such areas as: road network, land cover, and waters, which were categorised along different sets of criterion. It happened that some categories present on the Russian map were absent from the Austrian and German. It involved such objects as: fascine roads, wooden churches or radiostations. Those differences stem from not only the “military mode” of elaboration of the German and Austrian map, but also conscious interference in the scope of content and classification methods.

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Problemy kalibracji mapy szczegółowej Polski w skali 1:25 000 Wojskowego Instytutu Geograficznego w Warszawie

Panecki T.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2014

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T. 46, nr 2

162--172

PL

W artykule omówiono sposoby kalibracji mapy szczegółowej Polski WIG. Z uwagi na dużą liczbę arkuszy do przetworzenia (prawie 1400), głównym założeniem było maksymalne zautomatyzowanie procedury. Za pomocą wygenerowanego indeksu przestrzennego o oczkach siatki odpowiadających podziałowi arkuszowemu mapy i w odpowiednim układzie odniesienia, ręcznie uzyskano informacje o współrzędnych geograficznych z narożników arkuszy, po czym zastosowano skrypt, za pomocą którego dopasowano arkusze do indeksu przestrzennego. Problemem okazał się niejednolity układ odniesienia mapy szczegółowej 1:25 000. Po nieudanej próbie kalibracji w układ „Borowa Góra", podzielono arkusze według obszarów byłych zaborów i zastosowano układy odniesienia charakterystyczne dla każdego z nich - „Deutsches Hauptdreiecksnetz" (DHDN) dla pruskiego, „Hermannskogel" dla austriackiego elipsoidę Żylińskiego dla rosyjskiego. Z uwagi na wciąż niezadowalające efekty, wydzielono dodatkowe obszary, na których zastosowano układ DHDN i „Borowa Góra", minimalizując dotychczasowe błędy kalibracji.

EN

The article aims to present a method of semi-automatic calibration of a detailed map of Poland in 1:25,000 published in 1920s and 1930s by the Military Geographical Institute in Warsaw. The necessity of semi-automatic calibration results from the large numberof sheets (approx. 1400) which madę manuał processing impractical. Although geo-reference was determined for all available sheets (1339), only seven of them are ana-lyzed in the research paper: two from the former Austrian section of partitioned Poland (P51 S32 D „Muszyna", P50 S41 F „Zbaraż-Południe"), two from the former German section (sheet P38 S26 C „Krusz¬wica", P30 S27 F „Hel") and three from the former Russian section (P38 S27 A „Bachorce", P30 S40 H „Skorbuciany", P39 S32 H „Warszawa-Praga"). High level of detail of the map in 1:25,000 resulting from precise field measurements was assumed during the process of calibration. Thus, four control points in map corners together with their geographic coordination and pixel coordinates (x,y) should be sufficient for correct calibration. Scale, shift and rotate raster transformations were used. Automation of calibration involved generating a spa-tial index in the form of a vector grid (polygon-type object) with a single field relating to the sheet division of the map in 1:25,000, i.e. 5'»10'. After adding sheet designation to the grid, a connection between the index (vector grid with sheet designation) and map seans was established. After that geographic coordinates from sheet corners were "manually" read and entered into the database. With the spatial index including automatically obtained geographic coordinates, "manually" read geographic coordinates from sheet corners and the relation between the grid fields and the corresponding *.jpg file, it was possible to execute calibration. The script applied in the process automatically matched scanned sheets to corresponding grid fields, i.e. determined their reference system, pro¬jection and geographic coordinates. After acquiring geo-referential data, each file was transformed into a WGS-84 elipsoid. Map calibration to the "Borowa Góra" system did not bring good results, only the quality of the "Skorbuciany" sheet was sufficient (fig. 1). The contents of the remaining sheets was considerably shifted (by 200-300 m). In order to increase the calibration's precision, map sheets were divided according to the areas of former anexions of Poland and their respective reference systems were employed - "Deutsches Hauptdreiecksnetz" (DHDN) for the former German section, "Hermannskogel" for the Austrian section and Żylinski's ellipsoid for the Russian section. The "Hel" and the "Kruszwica" sheets from the area of the former German section were properly calibrated to the DHDN system (fig. 2), but the contents of the remaining sheets was significantly shifted (figs. 3 and 4). Considering the fact that the effects of calibration were still insufficient, additional areas were distinguished, on which the "DHDN" and the "Borowa Góra" systems were applied thus minimizing previous mistakes. About 70 % of the sheets of the map in 1:25,000 were properly calibrated.

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Francja i Wielka Brytania wobec Polski we wrześniu 1939 roku

Panecki T.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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1999

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nr 2(35)A Numer specialny

26-39