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Detrital tourmaline as an indicator of source rock lithology : an example from the Ropianka and Menilite formations (Skole Nappe, Polish Flysch Carpathians)

Salata D.

Geological Quarterly

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2014

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Vol. 58, No. 1

19--30

EN

Tourmaline populations studied from the Campanian-Maastrichtian part of the Ropianka (Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene) and Menilite (Oligocene) formations of the Polish Carpathians, represent a mixture of first-cycle and polycyclic grains. The tourmalines of the deposits studied display very strong resemblance in terms of optical features and chemical composition. They belong mostly to the schorl-dravite series with a minor contribution of tourmalines of foititic or Mg-foititic composition. Euhedral tourmalines originated from metasedimentary rocks, while the rounded grains crystallised in Li-poorgranitic rocks or in pegmatites, Al-poor and Al-rich metasedimentary rocks. Most of the tourmalines studied crystallised during a single igneous or metamorphic event. However, tourmal ines form ng in evolving chemical conditions as well as polymetamorphic grains (having a metamorphic detrital core and metamorphic overgrowths) are also present. The chemical composition of the metamorphic tourmalines studied indicates theirformation in medium-grade metamorphic conditions. This is supported by the crystallisation temperature of the garnet-biotite inclusion present in one of rounded metamorphic tourma l ines from the Ropianka Formation. The euhedral grains derive from metasediments, directly from a massif located close to the Skole Basin. The scarcity of euhedral grains in the tourmaline populations studied suggests that their source rocks were poor in these minerals. The direct sources of rounded tourmalines (most probably polycyclic grains), may have been Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks of the Skole Basin foreland or crystalline rocks of remote source areas. The initial igneous and metamorphic host rocks of the tourma l ines may have been crystall ine domains of the Bohemian Massif and/or the crystalline basement of Brunovistulicum.

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Advantages and limitations of interpretations of external morphology of detrital zircon: a case study of the Ropianka and Menilite formations (Skole Nappe, Polish Flysch Carpathians)

Salata D.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2014

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Vol. 84, No. 2

153--165

EN

The zircon populations from the Campanian–Maastrichtian part of the Ropianka (Upper Cretaceous– Palaeocene) and Menilite (Oligocene–lower Miocene) formations in the northern part of the Skole Nappe in Poland were examined to evaluate interpretations of the external morphology of detrital zircon in provenance research. The advantage of the zircon typology method, supplemented with elongation measurements, is that it may be applied successfully to comparisons of euhedral zircon populations from sedimentary deposits of different ages and unknown provenance. The zircon typology method, along with elongation measurements of zircons, contributes valuable data that supplement conventional heavy-mineral analyses. It also permits the recognition of potential source areas and rock types for further comparative research.

3

Heavy minerals as detritus provenance indicators for the Jurassic pre-Callovian palaeokarst infill from the Czatkowice Quarry (Kraków–Wieluń Upland, Poland)

Salata D.

Geological Quarterly

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2013

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Vol. 57, No. 3

537-–550

EN

Heavy mineral assemblages from the infill of Jurassic pre-Callovian palaeokarst in the Czatkowice Quarry, in the Kraków–Wieluń Upland, are zircon dominated. They contain also garnet, tourmaline, rutile and scarce grains of kyanite, staurolite and single chromian spinel. The textural features of the heavy minerals suggest that certain types of source rocks supplied the clastic material infilling in the karst studied. Most of the heavy minerals were derived from sedimentary or metasedimentary rocks as suggested by the high degree of roundness of the grains and also by high ZTR (zircon–tourmaline–rutile) index values. Rounded minerals may derive from Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic clastic rocks occurring in the area surrounding the Czatkowice Quarry. The chemical compositions of rounded detrital garnet and tourmaline grains suggest metamorphic and igneous rocks as initial sources, perhaps located in the Bohemian Massif. However, a hypothetical landmass located south of the Kraków–Wieluń Upland might have been an additional source area. The euhedral zircon and garnet grains were transported directly from crystalline rocks, which may have been Carboniferous-Permian volcanic rocks and crystalline basement elevations of Brunovistulicum exposed during Jurassic pre-Callovian sedimentation in the Czatkowice area.

4

Conventional and high-resolution heavy mineral analyses applied to flysch deposits : comparative provenance studies of the Ropianka (Upper Cretaceous–Paleocene) and Menilite (Oligocene) formations (Skole Nappe, Polish Carpathians)

Salata D., Uchman A.

Geological Quarterly

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2013

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Vol. 57, No. 4

649--664

EN

Conventional and high-resolution analyses of heavy minerals from the gravity flow-deposited sandstones of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the Ropianka (Upper Cretaceous–Paleocene) and Menilite (Oligocene) formations of the Polish Carpathians display similar compositions in terms of mineral species. Zircon, tourmaline, rutile, garnet, staurolite and kyanite belong to the main constituents in both formations. Apatite is common in the Ropianka Fm., while the Menilite Fm. almost lacks this mineral. Furthermore, individual hornblende grains were found in the Ropianka Fm., while andalusite is present only in the Menilite Fm. The Ropianka Fm. is relatively richer in zircon, tourmaline, garnet and apatite, while the Menilite Fm. contains more staurolite and kyanite. Zircon and tourmaline colour and morphological varieties are similar in both formations. The similarities of the heavy mineral assemblages studied suggest origin of these minerals from lithologically similar rocks. Negative correlations between the zircon + tourmaline + rutile (ZTR) values and the content of garnet and staurolite in the Ropianka Fm. may indicate, to a large extent, first-cycle delivery of garnet and staurolite to the formation. Negative, but low, correlation valid only for ZTR and garnet and positive correlations for ZTR and staurolite and kyanite in the Menilite Fm. suggest delivery of these minerals from sedimentary rocks or/and palimpsest sediments. The data obtained on mineral relationships and their morphology suggest mixed first-cycle and recycled provenance of the heavy minerals studied. Additionally, the first-cycle material input seems to be larger during the Ropianka Fm. sedimentation, while during the deposition of Menilite Fm. the contribution of material delivered from erosion of recycled sediments appears more prominent. The heavy mineral evidence suggests a change at the northern margin of the Skole Basin from an immature passive margin with a high relief during sedimentation of the Campanian–Maastrichtian part of the Ropianka Fm. to a mature passive margin with a low relief during sedimentation of the Menilite Fm.

5

Source rocks for heavy minerals in lower part of Menilite Formation of Skole Nappe (Polish Flysch Carpathians), based on study of detrital garnet and tourmaline

Salata D.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2013

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Vol. 83, No. 1

1--17

EN

The study focused on the chemistry of detrital garnet and tourmaline from sediments of the Boryslav and Kliva Sandstone types in the Oligocene part of the Menilite Formation of the Skole Nappe (Western Outer Carpathians, Poland), with regard to provenance. Almandine and almandine-pyrope compositional varieties are the most common garnets, with minor almandine-pyrope-grossular garnet. Scarce garnet grains, with grossular and spessartine as the dominant end-members, are also present. The tourmaline belongs to the alkali tourmaline principal group and represents the schörl-dravite series. The detrital garnet and tourmaline display strong, compositional similarities to minerals, occurring in igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Bohemian Massif, as well as to detrital grains, deposited within the internal basins of the massif. This suggests that the primary rocks for the garnet and tourmaline may be crystalline complexes of the Bohemian Massif. However, other uplifted areas, similar to the complexes of the Bohemian Massif, cannot be ruled out. Such hypothetical areas could be located in the northern foreland of the Carpathian basins. Euhedral tourmaline and other minerals, occurring in the heavy- mineral assemblages studied, most probably were derived from eroded and presently not exposed, crystalline complexes, originally situated in the Skole Basin foreland or within the basin.

6

Garnet provenance in mixed first-cycle and poly-cycle heavy-mineral assemblages of the Ropianka and Menilite formations (Skole Nappe, Polish Flysch Carpathians) : constraints from chemical composition and grain

Salata D.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2013

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Vol. 83, No. 3

161--177

EN

Garnet in heavy-mineral assemblages, occurring in sandstones of the Campanian–Maastrichtian part of the Ropianka (Late Cretaceous–Palaeocene) and Menilite (Oligocene) formations of the Skole Nappe, is present as first-cycle and poly-cycle grains, derived from a proximal source, remote areas and/or from sedimentary rocks of the Skole Basin foreland. The garnets in the formations are compositionally similar, suggesting an origin from the same source rocks. Relatively large amounts of garnet, represented by euhedral or slightly rounded, weakly etched or unetched almandine and spessartine-almandine garnet, and minor pyrope-enriched almandine, were derived directly from a source close to the Skole Basin. These garnets are from sediments, metamorphosed at low- to medium-grade conditions (such as mica-schists, gneisses) and perhaps also granitic bodies. Rounded and variously etched garnets, especially high pyrope-almandine and pyrope-almandine-grossular varieties, but also partly almandine-dominated varieties, are suggested to have been derived from distant sources, such as sedimentary rocks of the Upper Silesian and Małopolska blocks. Rocks, forming uplifted parts of the crystalline basement of Brunovistulicum and/or crystalline domains of the Bohemian Massif, could have been protoliths for part of the almandine-dominated garnet population, whereas pyrope-grossular-almandine garnets may originate from the granulitic, eclogitic or metabasic rocks of the Bohemian Massif. The study shows that analyses of garnet composition, combined with observations on grain textural features and data on the lithology of clasts and pebbles, can permit the determination of sources for different garnet varieties in mixed-provenance populations.

7

Heavy minerals from Oligocene sandstones of the Menilite Formation of the Skole Nappe, SE Poland : a tool for provenance specification

Salata D., Uchman A.

Geological Quarterly

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2012

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Vol. 56, No. 4

803--820

EN

Heavy minerals from sandstones belonging mostly to the Boryslav Sandstone and Kliva Sandstone members of the lower part of the Menilite Formation (Oligocene) in the northern part of the Skole Nappe, Polish Carpathians are characterized. In the study area, the sediments were deposited in the Rzeszów and Łańcut channel zones running from the northern margin of the basin. The most frequent heavy minerals in the sandstones examined include zircon, tourmaline, rutile, staurolite, kyanite and garnet. Single grains of andalusite, sillimanite, apatite, epidote, brookite and chrome spinel occur in some samples. The very small content of apatite is related to long, continental weathering in the source area, which is referred to the Paleozoic sedimentary cover of the Małopolska Block and the easternmost part of the Upper Silesian Block. Different preservation states, morphology, degree of roundness and colour varieties suggest that the heavy minerals studied derive from various petrographic types including metamorphic, igneous and sedimentary rocks. However, the Carboniferous and Permian conglomerates and sandstones seem to be the most probable source rocks.

8

Early Cretaceous intra-plate volcanism in the Pieniny Klippen Belt – a case study of the Velykyi Kamenets’/Vilkhivchyk (Ukraine) and Biała Woda (Poland) sections

Oszczypko N., Salata D., Krobicki M.

Geological Quarterly

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2012

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Vol. 56, No. 4

629–-648

EN

The geological position and geochemistry of the basaltic sill and tuffs occurring within the Berriasian–?Albian pelagic limestones of the Czorsztyn Succession are described. The volcanic rock succession of the Velykyi (= Veliky) Kamenets’/Vilkhivchyk (= Vulkhovchik, Vulhovchik, Olkhivchyk) sites is related to intra-plate submarine volcanism, which took place at the southeastern termination of the Pieniny Klippen Belt. This volcanism was probably associated with the Early Cretaceous opening of the Magura/Fore-Magura basinal system, bounded by the Silesian/Marmarosh and Czorsztyn palaeoridges to the north and south respectively. The alkaline volcanic rocks from the Velykyi Kamenets’/Vilkhivchyk sites are geochemically similary to the basaltic block from Biała Woda (Małe Pieniny Mts., Poland), which is an olistolith a few metres across within the Jarmuta conglomerates (Maastrichtian/Paleocene). This basaltic block was eroded from the frontal part of the Czorsztyn Nappe and was deposited in the uppermost part of the Grajcarek Succession at the southeastern margin of the Magura Basin.

9

Petrografia i proweniencja piaskowców jury dolnej formacji piaskowca z Koperszadów w jednostce kriżniańskiej rejonu Kop Sołtysich w Tatrach

Popiołek M., Salata D., Uchman A.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 2

154-162

EN

Petrographic types of sandstones belonging to the Baboš Quartzite Mb (Sinemurian) and the Waksmundzka Sandstone Mb (Sinemurian-Lotharingian) of the Med’odoly Sandstone Fm (Krina Unit, Fatricum) in the Kopy Sołtysie region were identified. In the literature, they were usually described as quartzites or quartzose sandstones, but in fact they represent quartz arenites or subarkose arenites. Their composition indicates that the source of clastic material was of a cratonic interior type or related to a recycled orogenic material rich in quartz. It is possible that the source was located in elevated parts of the Tatricum or Hronicum domains. Sedimentary features and facies context point to deepeningm of sedimentary environment from the shallower shelf (Baboš Quartzite Mb) to that of a deeper shelf (Waksmundzka Sandstone Mb).

10

Egzotyki strefy krynickiej (płaszczowina magurska) i ich znaczenie paleogeograficzne

Oszczypko N., Oszczypko-Clowes M., Salata D.

Geologia / Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie

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2006

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T. 32, z. 1

21-45

PL

Poziomy egzotykowe w strefie krynickiej grupują się w utworach formacji szczawnickiej, zarzeckiej i magurskiej. Wśród egzotyków skał osadowych strefy krynickiej rozpoznano: pelagiczne wapienie tytonu-neokomu oraz litotamniowe wapienie paleogenu. W egzotykach magmowych większość to wulkanity, natomiast skały metamorficzne to głównie łupki łyszczykowe i gnejsy. Egzotyki skał osadowych i krystalicznych strefy krynickiej różnią się od tych z formacji jarmuckiej (mastrycht--paleocen) jednostki Grajcarka. Egzotyki eocenu i oligocenu strefy krynickiej nie wykazują bezpośredniego związku z pienińskim pasem skałkowym, a skały krystaliczne pochodzą z erozji terranu kontynentalnego. Pochodzenie egzotyków może być związane z eoceńską ekshumacją podłoża basenu magurskiego lub z domeną wewnętrznokarpacką (wewnętrzne Dacydy i/lub terran Cisy (Tisza))

EN

Sedimentary beds containing exotic pebbles occur in the Krynica Subunit. They occur mainly in deposits of the Szczawnica, Zarzecze and Magura fms. Pelagic limestones (Tithonian- -Neocomian) and lithothamnium limestones (Palaeogene) were recognized among sedimentary rocks of the Krynica Zone. Volcanites, rarely granitoides as well as schists, gneisses, quartzites and cataclasites were found in the group of crystalline exotic pebbles. The exotic pebbles from the Eocene--Oligocene beds of the Krynica Zone differ from those found in the Jarmuta Fm (Maastrichtian--Palaeocene) of the Grajcarek Unit. The exotic pebbles of the Krynica Subunit do not have direct connection with the Pieniny Klippen Belt, whereas crystalline rocks derived from a continental terrain. The provenance of these rocks could be connected with Eocene exhumation of the Magura Basin basement or with the Inner Carpathian realm (Inner Dacides and/or Tisza terrain)

11

Provenance analyses of the Late Cretaceous-Palaeocene deposits of the Magura Basin (Polish Western Carpathians) : evidence from a study of the heavy minerals

Oszczypko N., Salata D.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2005

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Vol. 55, no. 3

237-267

EN

The Late Cretaceous-Palaeocene sequence of the Magura Nappe in Poland is underlain by the Albian-Cenomanian spotty marls at the base and overlapped by the Palaeocene/Early Eocene variegated shales at the top. The spotty marls are followed by variegated shales and then by turbiditic deposits. The upper boundary of the variegated shales is diachronous - older in the Raca zone (Santonian) and younger in the Krynica zone (Campanian/Maastrichtian). The turbiditic deposits of the marginal (northern) zone of the Magura Nappe display palaeocurrent directions from the NW in the western part and from the NE in the eastern part. In other parts of this unit palaeocurrent directions from the SE and E were observed. The northern source area of the Magura Basin is commonly connected with the Silesian Ridge, while the south-eastern one could be connected with an accreted fragment of the Inner Carpathians.The heavy mineral assemblages of the Magura Nappe are dominated by stable and ultrastable species. Chromian spinels occur additionally in the Krynica zone and to some extent in the Bystrica and Raca zones. Investigation of the chemical composition of the heavy minerals showed that that the southern source area was built of low- to medium-grade metamorphic rocks, as well as igneous rocks associated with ophiolite sequences. The chemical composition of minerals deriving from the NW indicates that they crystallized mainly in low- to high-grade metamorphic rocks and granitoids.

12

Detrital garnets from the Upper Cretaceous-Palaeocene sandstones of the Polish part of the Magura Nappe and the Pieniny Klippen Belt: chemical constraints

Salata D.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2004

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Vol. 74, No 3

351--364

EN

Heavy mineral assemblages of the Upper Cretaceous-Palaeocene sandstones of the Polish part of the Magura Nappe and the Pieniny Klippen Belt (PKB) were studied. They consist mainly of stable minerals, such as zircon, tourmaline and rutile, but in many assemblages significant amounts of garnets are also present. To describe the provenance of the main heavy mineral groups their chemical composition was analysed. This article deals with the garnets group. Heavy minerals, including garnets, were derived to the Magura Basin from two opposite source areas: the north-west (northern) and the south-east. In the chemical composition of the analysed garnets, FeO and the almandine molecule are definitely dominant, but garnets with a raised MgO and pyrope molecule content were also found. Proportions among the main elements occurring in garnets indicate that they were formed under low- to medium grade metamorphic conditions in the southeastern source area, and medium- to high-grade conditions in the northern one.

13

Heavy minerals of the Ropianka Formation on the southern margin of the Mszana Dolna tectonic window (Magura Nappe, Polish Flysh Carpathians)

Salata D.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2001

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nr 396

134-135