Landscape information modeling (LIM) is a new trend in spatial projects made using BIM technology. Elements of land development are, not only in the opinion of the authors, just as essential as the element of a building object. In turn, GIS data can be used to model larger areas based on combined data from GIS and BIM models. The lack of the strict integration of BIM and GIS (ISO/TR 23262:2021 covers GIS/BIM interoperability, ISO 19166 is in preparation) prevents the modeling of land development objects, both existing and planned, in many cases. The modeling process using the current and known BIM tools and processes were presented to efficiently develop a model of a building object with its surroundings. Modeling took place using best practices that are collected and used in the Polish reality. The work presents an object-oriented approach to modeling elements of spatial development with the preservation of the so-called occupational hygiene. By applying the above principles, it is possible to develop a “good” LIM model that fits the current trends and developments in BIM.
The key step in designing a new car model to enter the market is choosing the right method to join the elements into a whole body. The known car body production technologies have been developed based on the experience gained in the use of carbon steel. Aluminium sheets stoped to rival with steel ones, when advantages of both were being used. The coexistence of different types of materials used in the same car body structure has been forced changes in the traditional methods of joining them. The random car body consists of 4,000 spot welds, 13 meters of welds, 90 meters of glue [2, 5]. The aim of the study to present various methods of joining car body parts and to compare their strength in an analytical way and using the finite element method. Particular attention has been given to the clinching, which becomes a cheaper and more flexible alternative to resistance spot welding.
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