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EN
This paper aims to the computing model of quantitative elements in crossing situation based on the separating of different states about vessel’s meeting to study the automatic collision-avoiding plan of given way vessel in crossing situation. Following results are proved by simulations: The accuracy of hydrodynamic model is enough for studying and application for automatic collision-avoiding; computing model of quantitative elements by method of bisection is rapidly and reliably convergent during computing. The whole meeting process can be separated to several stages according to the quantitative elements in crossing situation. Different initial collision avoiding measures of given-way vessel in different stages produced as per rules and ordinary practice of seaman.
EN
It is well documented that unavoidable ions in a pulp such as Mg2+, Ca2+, and K+ have a significant effect on the interaction for particles, especially for flotation of metallic sulfide minerals and clay minerals. In this study, the effect of electrolytes on the flotation of inherently hydrophobic mineral-graphite was studied. It was found that the zeta potential showed a dramatic decrease, and the reagent adsorption capacity of mineral enhanced in the present of electrolytes. The possible mechanism responsible for improved recovery was investigated by electrokinetic, surface tension and ions adsorption tests. It is likely that the hydrophobic force is stronger than the electrostatic force due to the reduced potential of graphite. This might be in favor of the formation of hydrophobic oil film leading to an increase in the graphite floatability. The experiments provided a new spectacle to study inherently hydrophobic mineral processing with electrolyte solution.
EN
In the vertical spindle pulverizer (VSP), the large circulation ratio and high ash and sulfur contents in circulating load would result in intensive energy consumption and low grinding efficiency. Although the control of circulating load would help increase the energy efficiency, no quantitative study has been conducted due to the high temperature and pressure in the closed VSP. In this study, response of energy-size reduction to the control of circulating load was studied by the experimental simulation method. Coal mixtures with fine/coarse ratio of 11:1, 8:1 and 6:1 were ground by a lab-scale roller mill. Energy-size reductions of the coarse coal were compared to evaluate the influence of circulating load control. Results showed that the product with the coarse coal increased by 30% when the specific breakage energy was 1.0 kWht–1 as the circulation ratio decreased from 11 to 6. Meanwhile, a breakage characteristic index of the coarse coal was two times higher due to the cushioning effect of fines. Besides, decrease of circulation ratio led to increase of the breakage rate of coarse coal, and the energy saving improved by 57%. With the same energy input of 2.0 kWht-1, the yield of –0.09 mm pulverized fuel (PF) increased from 22 to 43%. Therefore, controlling the circulating load is an effective method to improve the breakage rate of coarse coal and energy efficiency for PF generation.
EN
Surface properties play important roles in characterization of structural parameters and the hydrophilicity index. Accurate analysis of the macerals rather than the average properties of the macerals and minerals are crucial for these parameters and indexes. In order to improve the accuracy of analyzing coal surface property, HF/HCl acid leaching was applied to eliminate the interference of minerals. FTIR was used to characterize the differences in surface chemical composition between raw and processed coal. Moreover, each functional group was analyzed quantitatively. Based on these quantitative data, the structural parameters and hydrophilicity indexes were calculated. From the results of FTIR, the peaks of mineral cover up the types of the organic peaks, such as -COOH and aromatic CH stretching. In addition, they decrease the intensity of the peak such as C=C and aromatics CHx out-of-plane deformation in the spectra of raw coals. However, it provided the accurate types and contents of organic functional groups of the macerals after acid leaching. The structural parameter results indicate that the values cannot reflect the coal ranks through the surface properties of raw coals while they show a good relationship with the degree of coalification in the analysis of processed coals. Besides, the hydrophilicity indexes are verified by the natural floatability of coal macerals of the processed coals. It is also found that the processed lignite coal cannot be floated despite elimination of the hydrophilic minerals. The main reason of hard-to-float property of lignite coal lies in a strong hydrophilicity of macerals.
EN
Lignite is well known for its strong hydrophilicity and hard-to-float properties. However, the surface free energy of the solid is made up of two components, that is the Lifshitz-van der Waals and acid-base interaction energy. Differences in these two components between the low ash (lower density) and high ash fraction (higher density) provide a benefit for improving the separation efficiency through introducing surfactants in flotation. In this paper, thermodynamic characterization of three density lignite fractions was measured by a Washburn dynamic method. Combining the Washburn equation and Van Oss-Chaudhury-Good theory, the surface free energy components of three samples were calculated according to the wetting process by n-hexane, diiodomethane, deionized water and ethylene glycol. The Lifshitz-van der Waals part of surface free energy reduced with the coal density increase, especially between fractions of -1.45 g/cm3 and 1.45-1.80 g/cm3, while the Lewis base part increased slightly. The interfacial interaction free energies between the surfactant and lignite in aqueous medium indicated that the low hydrophilic index benefited for the stronger adsorption intensity. Increase of the surfactant Lifshitz-van der Waals component increases the adsorptive intensity on lower density lignite and the repulsive intensity on higher density lignite, which is beneficial for separation.
EN
In this paper, a control framework including active fault-tolerant control (FTC) and reference redesign is developed subject to actuator stuck failures under input saturations. FTC synthesis and reference redesign approaches are proposed to guarantee post-fault system safety and reference reachability. Then, these features are analyzed under both actuator stuck failures and constraints before fault-tolerant controller switches. As the main contribution, actuator stuck failures and constraints are unified so that they can be easily considered simultaneously. By means of transforming stuck failures into actuator constraints, the post-fault system can be regarded as an equivalent system with only asymmetrical actuator constraints. Thus, methods against actuator saturations can be used to guarantee regional stability and produce the stability region. Based on this region, stuck compensation is analyzed. Specifically, an unstable open-loop system is considered, which is more challenging. Furthermore, the method is extended to a set-point tracking problem where the reachability of the original reference can be evaluated. Then, a new optimal reference will be computed for the post-fault system if the original one is unreachable. Finally, simulation examples are shown to illustrate the theoretical results.
EN
Satellite hardware has reached a level of development that enables imaging satellites to realize applications in the area of meteorology and environmental monitoring. As the requirements in terms of feasibility and the actual profit achieved by satellite applications increase, we need to comprehensively consider the actual status, constraints, unpredictable information, and complicated requirements. The management of this complex information and the allocation of satellite resources to realize image acquisition have become essential for enhancing the efficiency of satellite instrumentation. In view of this, we designed a satellite auto mission planning system, which includes two sub-systems: the imaging satellite itself and the ground base, and these systems would then collaborate to process complicated missions: the satellite mainly focuses on mission planning and functions according to actual parameters, whereas the ground base provides auxiliary information, management, and control. Based on the requirements analysis, we have devised the application scenarios, main module, and key techniques. Comparison of the simulation results of the system, confirmed the feasibility and optimization efficiency of the system framework, which also stimulates new thinking for the method of monitoring environment and design of mission planning systems.
EN
The use of a cylindrical high-explosive charge with a wave-shaper is an efficient way to obtain an ultra-high pressure and a convergent detonation wave. An analysis of flow fields corresponding to the regular and Mach reflection of detonation waves in a cylindrical high-explosive charge with a wave-shaper is presented in this paper. The pressure, flow velocity and triple point growth angle of the Mach stem were calculated. The Mach stem height was also determined by using the modified Whitham method. The results show that the Mach stem height rises from zero at the critical angle of Mach reflection and changes to the Chapman-Jouguet detonation state with the propagation of the detonation waves. Shock indentation experiments were conducted, in which a wave-shaper was used in a cylindrical high-explosive charge to form Mach reflection detonation waves. The results showed that the discrepancy between the experimental results and the theoretical calculations was less than 15%, which proves the validity of the proposed theoretical model.
EN
Effects of the vibration energy on the fluidization quality and separation performance of dense medium gas-solid fluidized bed were investigated experimentally. The magnetite powder with a wide size range of 0.3-0.074 mm was utilized as the basic medium solids. 6-1 mm fine coal sample from Yongcheng (China) was used to perform the separation experiments. The results indicate that the vibration amplitude A and superficial gas velocity U are greatly significant to the fluidization stability and the density distribution uniformity. Comparing with the bed without vibration, the optimal SP and Sρ values of 0.034 kPa and 0.018 g/cm3 are acquired in vibration bed with the operating factors of A = 1 mm, U = 1.8Umf, f = 15 Hz and Hs = 150 mm. The coal ash content was reduced from 27.84% to 9.50% at a separating density of 1.68 g/cm3 with a probable error E value of 0.505. The separation efficiency of 6-1mm fine coal is effectively improved by introducing vibration energy to dense medium gas-solid fluidized bed. The technology provides a novel approach to achieve high-efficiency separation of 6-1 mm fine coal in the arid and water-shortage areas.
EN
An additional recovery of coking coal middlings can be utilized for increasing of the concentrate yield of coking coal. A combined flow sheet of comminution and flotation can realize this target. To investigate the effect of grinding process on further flotation of ground products, progressive release flotation tests were used to compare with the float-sink tests, which were regarded as a criterion. Coal middlings were ground by wet-milling with iron balls to <0.5 mm. Curves of ash vs. cumulative yields of sized products indicated that the concentrate yield of coal separated by progressive release flotation was lower than that of coal benefited by the float-sink test, with the same ash for four size fractions (0.5-0.25 mm, 0.25-0.125 mm, 0.125-0.074 mm and <0.074 mm). Distributions of elements conducted by energy disperse spectroscopy (EDX) showed that associated kaolinite was liberated and exposed on the surface. It led to the shift of local surface property from hydrophobicity to hydrophilicity. Meanwhile, analyses of chemical property performed by an X-Ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) depicted that the hydrophilic mineral FeOOH, which generated in the grinding process, was adsorbed on the coal surface. Flotation of the ground products were worsened due to the increase of hydrophilicity of the coal surface.
EN
Correct incipient identification of an analog circuit fault is conducive to the health of the analog circuit, yet very difficult. In this paper, a novel approach to analog circuit incipient fault identification is presented. Time responses are acquired by sampling outputs of the circuits under test, and then the responses are decomposed by the wavelet transform in order to generate energy features. Afterwards, lower-dimensional features are produced through the kernel entropy component analysis as samples for training and testing a one-against-one least squares support vector machine. Simulations of the incipient fault diagnosis for a Sallen-Key band-pass filter and a two-stage four-op-amp bi-quad low-pass filter demonstrate the diagnosing procedure of the proposed approach, and also reveal that the proposed approach has higher diagnosis accuracy than the referenced methods.
EN
A sensitive and simple liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) method for determination of dasatinib in rat plasma using one-step protein precipitation was developed. After addition of carbamazepine as internal standard (IS), protein precipitation by acetonitrile was used as sample preparation. Chromatographic separation was achieved on an SB-C18 (2.1 mm × 150 mm, 5 μm) column with methanol-0.1% formic acid as mobile phase with gradient elution. Electrospray ionization (ESI) source was applied and operated in positive ion mode; selective ion monitoring (SIM) mode was used to quantification using target fragment ions m/z 488.2 for dasatinib and m/z 338.7 for the IS. Calibration plots were linear over the range of 10–1000 ng mL−1 for dasatinib in rat plasma. Lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) for dasatinib was 10 ng mL−1. Mean recovery of dasatinib from plasma was in the range 82.2%–93.6%. Relative standard deviation (RSD) of intra-day and inter-day precision were both less than 8%. This developed method is successfully used in pharmacokinetic study of dasatinib in rats.
13
Content available A new approach to homology modeling
EN
The need to interpret experimental results led to, first, an all-atom f orce field, followed by a coarse-grained one. As an aid to these force fields, a new approac h is introduced here to predict protein structure based on the physical properties of th e amino acids. This approach includes three key components: Kidera factors describing the ph ysical properties, Fourier transformation and UNRES coarse-grained force field simulations. Different from traditional homology modeling methods which are based on evolution, this approach is phys ics-based, and does not have the same weaknesses as the traditional homology modeling method s. Our results show that this approach can produce above average prediction results, and can be used as a useful tool for protein structure prediction.
EN
In arid and semi-arid ecosystems, shrubs have an important effect on neighboring plants. However, little is known about the interaction of herb growth stages and shrub location on herb performance. We selected Reaumuria soongorica, (Pall.) Maxim a shrub dominant in the semiarid region of northwest China, to determine whether (1) shrubs facilitate or have negative effects on neighbouring herbaceous vegetation, and (2) such effects vary with herb growth stage and with shrub orientation relative to herbs. The presence of herbaceous plant species, plant density, plant height, and percent cover were determined along 2 m long transects spreading in four directions from the base of shrub – east (transect E), west (transect W), south (transect S), and north (transect N); this was repeated for three growth stages (in May, June and July). Results indicated that the effects of R. soongorica on neighboring herbs in different growth stages were similar. Species number of herb-layer plants tended to increase from beneath the canopy to the opening, but plant density, cover and plant height decreased with distance away from shrub base. The presence of R. soongorica had positive effects on density, cover, and plant height, and negative on the number of herbaceous species during the entire growing season. Herbaceous plants growing on transect N under the shrub canopy had significantly higher density and percent cover than those growing in other directions. Biomass of herbs on transect N grown under the shrub canopy was higher than that of herbs on other transects. We concluded that shrub effects on neighbouring herbaceous vegetation were closely related to the shrub orientation relative to the herbs. Therefore, using shrubs as nurse plants for grass-growing must consider the relative placement of shrubs.
15
Content available remote Glycerol-assisted solution combustion synthesis of improved LiMn2O4
EN
Spinel LiMn2O4 has been synthesized by a glycerol-assisted combustion synthesis method. The phase composition and morphologies of the compound were ascertained by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The electrochemical characterization was performed by using CR2032 coin-type cell. XRD analysis indicates that single phase spinel LiMn2O4 with good crystallinity has been obtained as a result of 5 h treatment at 600 A degrees C. SEM investigation indicates that the average particle size of the sample is 200 nm. The initial discharge specific capacity of the LiMn2O4 is 123 mAh/g at a current density of 30 mA/g. When the current density increased to 300 mA/g, the LiMn2O4 offered a discharge specific capacity of 86 mAh/g. Compared with the LiMn2O4 prepared by a conventional solution combustion synthesis method at the same temperature, the prepared LiMn2O4 possesses higher purity, better crystallinity and more uniformly dispersed particles. Moreover, the initial discharge specific capacity, rate capability and cycling performance of the prepared LiMn2O4 are significantly improved.
EN
In this paper, we studied the effect of Ti addition on the microstructure and fracture toughness of Boron nitride- Aluminum (BN-Al) composite materials that were synthesized by vacuum infiltration. The BN-Al composite materials were fabricated by preheating the [Ti+BN] preforms at 1700º for 1 hour before Al alloys were infiltrated into the preforms in a vacuum atmosphere at 1100º for 2 hours. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed that the diffraction peaks of titanium diboride (TiB2) appeared when the [Ti+BN] preforms were preheated. It is thought that metal Al protected are visible and this could be achieved by the generation of TiB2 when Al infiltrated into the preform from fractography. The matching fracture toughness of the [Ti+BN] preforms gradually improve when Ti content was increased.
PL
W niniejszej pracy badano wpływ dodatku Ti na mikrostrukturę i odporność na pękanie kompozytów aluminium-azotek boru (BN-Al), które zostały zsyntetyzowane przez infiltracje w próżni. Kompozyty BN-Al zostały wykonane przez podgrzewanie preform [Ti+BN] w 1700ºC przez 1 godzinę, po czym stopy aluminium infiltrowano do preform w atmosferze próżni w temperaturze 1100ºC przez 2 godziny. Dyfrakcja rentgenowska (XRD) wykazała, że piki dyfrakcyjne diborku tytanu (TiB2) pojawiły się gdy preformy [Ti+BN] zostały podgrzane. Uważa się, że aluminium jest chronione co widoczne jest na przełomach i może to być osiągniete przez wytwarzanie TiB2 gdy Al przeniknęło do preformy. Odporność na pękanie preform [Ti+BN] stopniowo poprawia się, gdy zawartość Ti została zwiększona.
EN
Theoretical investigations were performed to study on alloying stability, and electronic structure of (AlCu3, AlCu2Zr and AlZr3). The results show that the lattice parameters obtained after full relaxation of crystalline cells are consistent with experimental data, and these intermetallics have a strong alloying ability and structural stability due to the negative formation energies and the cohesive energies. The further analysis find out that single-crystal elastic constants at zero-pressure satisfy the requirement of mechanical stability for cubic crystals. The calculations on Poisson’s ratio show that AlCu3 is much more anisotropic than the other two intermetallics. In addition, calculations on densities of states indicates that the valence bonds of these intermetallics are attributed to the valence electrons of Cu 3d states for AlCu3, Cu 3d and Zr 4d states for AlCu2Zr, and Al 3s, Zr 5s and 4d states for AlZr3, respectively; in particular, the electronic structure of the AlZr3 shows the strongest hybridization.
PL
Przeprowadzono teoretyczne badania stabilności stopów i struktury elektronowej AlCu3. AlCu2Zr i AlZr3). Obliczania wskazują, że parametry sieci uzyskane po pełnej relaksacji komórek krystalicznych są zgodne z danymi eksperymentalnymi. Związki międzymetaliczne wykazują silną zdolność tworzenia stopów i stabilność strukturalną z powodu ujemnej energii tworzenia i energii spójności. Dalsze analizy wykazały, że stałe elastyczności pojedynczych kryształów przy zerowym ciśnieniu spełniają wymóg stabilności mechanicznej kryształów regularnych. Obliczenia współczynnika Poissona pokazują, że A1Cu3 posiada znacznie bardziej anizotropowe własności niż dwie pozostałe fazy międzymetaliczne. Ponadto, obliczenia gęstości stanów wskazują, że w tworzeniu faz międzymetalicznych biorą udział elektrony walencyjne odpowiednio: Cu na powłoce 3d dla A1Cu3. Cu na 3d i Zr na 4d dla AlCu2Zr. oraz Al na 3s, Zr na 5s i 4d dla AIZr3), w szczególności struktura elektronowa AlZr3) wykazuje najsilniejszą hybrydyzację.
EN
A design method about how to design main circuits of active power filters(APF) with hybrid cascade multilevel structure is proposed in this paper. Through careful research, the combination of these cascade H-bridge modules is properly chosen and the number of high-frequency module is reasonably selected. Following eight steps described in the paper, a reasonable design process of the combination of these modules can be Got easily for a given condition. Through the reasonable combination of hybrid cascaded modules made up of high and low voltage devices, the design method that how to design the main circuit of this APF can be used to different voltage class in moderate voltage grid. Simulation results validate the rightness of the proposed method.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono zastosowanie hybrydowego kaskadowego wielopoziomowego układu w aktywnym filtrze mocy (ang. Active Power Filter). Opisany został sposób doboru modułów wykorzystanych mostków typu H oraz wyniki symulacyjne układu.
EN
In recent years, multilevel technology has become an effective and practical solution for moderate and high voltage application field. In all multilevel technology, cascade multilevel inverters have become the major circuits used in power quality conditioners. Evidently,the voltage balancing problem of DC capacitors of cascade inverters is a key problem to the power quality conditioners. This paper mainly focuses on exploring the hypostasis of various voltage balancing control methods. A comprehensive theoretical analysis of voltage balancing control fundament is presented. The issue of voltage balance is discussed from output pulses of H-bridge inverters point of view, and a model for analyzing the charge and discharge process of H-bridge DC capacitor is established. Furthermore, all regulation means of output pulses of H-bridge inverters for redistributing active power is reported and quantified. The simulation results illustrate that the research is satisfactory.
PL
Zaprezentowano teoretyczną analizę sterowania jakością napięcia w kaskadowo połczonych przekształtnikach mostkowych typu H. Przeanalizowano proces ładowania i rozładowania kondensatora. Przedstawiono badania i symulacje na przykładzie kondycjonera jakości energii.
EN
Indoor measurements were performed to examine the feasibility of using range-Doppler processing for human motion detection in a highly cluttered environment by the multistatic ultra-wideband (UWB) radar. A novel hypothesis-testing based range migration compensation algorithm, which is especially suited to UWB radars, is proposed to increase the coherent processing interval for range-Doppler processing. For each receiver, the multistatic UWB radar provides a video sequence constructed by high-resolution range-Doppler images of a human target, which is promising for the analysis of human target characteristics.
PL
W artykule omówiono badania polegające na wykonaniu pomiarów wewnątrz pomieszczeń. Badania miały na celu ocenę przydatności odległościowo-dopplerowskiego przetwarzania sygnałów do detekcji ruchu osób za pomocą multistatycznego radaru ultra-szerokopasmowego. Zaproponowano nowy algorytm kompensacji migracji odległości oparty na testowaniu hipotez, predestynowany do użycia w radarach ultra-szerokopasmowych. W każdym odbiorniku radar multistatyczny zapewnia sekwencję obrazów odległościowo-dopplerowskich o wysokiej rozdzielczości, co jest obiecujące z punktu widzenia śledzenia osób.
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