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Eemian–Weichselian Pleniglacial fluvial deposits in S Poland (an example of the Vistula River valley in Kraków)

Sokołowski T., Wacnik A., Woronko B., Madeja J.

Geological Quarterly

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2014

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Vol. 58, No. 1

71--84

EN

A fragment of the middle terrace in the VistulaRivervalley, nearby the railway station in Kraków, is formed by fluvial channel and overbank deposits of the PrądnikRiver, which bear a record of various environments affected by changing climatic conditions. The sedimentary succession includes two complexes that differ in lithofacies. The older complex comprises fining-upward deposits (channel sand and gravelly sand with medium- and large-scale trough cross-stratification) and, less frequently, sand with planar cross-stratification overlain by silt with intercalations of biogenic deposits of abandoned channels. Vegetation accompanying the deposition of biogenic layers was typical of boreal coniferous forests, dominated by Pinus sylvestris with a small admixture of Larix, Pinus cembra, Picea, Betula, and Populus. Periodically, the landscape passed into open areas overgrown by woody tundra. The complex developed as a result of activity of a meandering river under conditions of a moderately cool climate. The younger complex includes the sand lithofacies with horizontal stratification and low-angle cross-stratification, overlain by alternating sands and silts. The topmost part is represented by sands with large- and medium scale planar cross stratification. Lack of biogenic deposits and considerable amount of frosted quartz grains in alluvial sediments indicate aeolian processes of greater intensity, periglacial conditions and evolution towards a braided or transitional river. Pollen successions, absolute dating and studies of structural and textural features of the sediment suggest that the time of its deposition may be estimated at a range between the close of the Eemian Interglacial and the Weichselian Middle Pleniglacial (OIS 5e–OIS 3).

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Zmiany właściwości podłoża w aspekcie zagrożenia budowli klasztornych w rejonie ul. Poselskiej w Krakowie

Wardas-Lasoń M., Łyskowski M., Mościcki J., Sokołowski T., Bojęść-Białasik A, Niemiec D., Kucia A., Garbacz-Klempka A., Mazurek E., Ćwiklik M., Marszałek M., Kasprzak A., Ziętek J.

Czasopismo Inżynierii Lądowej, Środowiska i Architektury / Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture

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2014

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z. 61, nr 3/I

361--385

PL

Zapadanie skrzydła południowo-zachodniego kapelanii przy kościele św. Józefa S.S. Bernardynek postępuje od 2010 roku, powodując pękanie murów okalających ogród, a zwłaszcza pomieszczeń piwnicznych pod zabudowaniami przykościelnymi. Celem badań jest określenie właściwości i stratygrafii gruntów w podłożu zagrożonego obiektu, jak i w najbliższym jego sąsiedztwie. Archeologiczne źródła i ich międzydziedzinowa interpretacja w kontekście wykonanych profili geologicznych, w oparciu o odwierty i wąskoprzestrzenne odkrywki, wykazały złożony układ nawarstwień historycznych i ich potencjalne oddziaływanie na budowle. Oprócz odwiertów i badań gruntoznawczych przeprowadzono georadarowe i elektrooporowe rozpoznanie ośrodka pod poziomem piwnic oraz badania geochemiczne próbek gruntu. Wyznaczony poziom calca jednoznacznie wskazuje na położenie zagrożonych obiektów w strefie 30 stopniowego skłonu pierwotnej morfologii terenu, w którego dnie znajdują się podatne na upłynnienie namuły. W stratygrafii wyróżniono także obecność znacznej miąższości, nierównomiernie zalegającej warstwy organicznej o dużej ściśliwości i małej nośności, stanowiącej materię wybitnie niebudowlaną. Na mechanikę budowli mają wpływ zróżnicowane pod względem stateczności utwory, ale także obecność sztywnych, historycznych obiektów fundamentowych. Istnienie tego typu czynników uzewnętrzniło się w postaci pęknięć murów w rejonie budowli klasztoru, a także zaburzenia poziomu podłóg szczególnie widoczne w piwnicach kapelanii. Obserwowane rozluźnienie struktury podłoża, o zasięgu większym niż teren klasztoru SS. Bernardynek, związane jest prawdopodobnie z szeregiem odwodnień głębokich wykopów wykonywanych w związku z wieloma realizowanymi inwestycjami w gęsto zabudowanej, zabytkowej części Starego Krakowa. Rozwój nowoczesnego miasta w sieci nawarstwień historycznych wymaga stałego monitorowania warunków wodnogruntowych podłoża. Zarówno nadmierny drenaż, jaki i zbytnia retencja wód zaburza stateczność zabytkowych budowli i grozi katastrofą budowlaną.

EN

The collapsing of the south-east wing of Kapelania at the Św. Józef Church of the Bernardine Convent started in 2010, causing fracturing of the walls around the garden, and especially the cellar rooms under the buildings near the Church. The aim of research is to determine the properties and stratigraphy of the earth in the subsoil of the endangered object, as well as of its immediate neighbourhood. Archaeological sources and their interdisciplinary interpretation in the context of the geological profiles conducted, based on the auger holes and narrow open pits, attest to a complex set of historical layers and their potential effect on the buildings. Apart from auger holes and ground-researching investigations, there were GPR and electrical resistance tests of the matter below the cellars level as well as geochemical tests of the earth samples. The established level of undisturbed subsoil clearly shows that the endangered buildings are situated within the 30% slope of the original terrain, in which bottom level there are muds which easily change texture into fluid. In the stratigraphy, there was also established an organic layer of substantial thickness, which is completely unsuitable for construction. The mechanics of the building is affected by deposits of varied stability and also by the presence of rigid objects connected with historical foundations. The existence of these factors manifested itself in the form of wall fractures in the area of convent, especially visible in kapelania, causing also disturbance of the floor level in the kapelania cellars. The observed loosening of the subsoil structure, possibly with a range greater than the area of the Bernardine Convent, is connected with a series of drainage works of deep excavations, in connection with a number of realized investments in the densely populated, historic part of Old Krakow. The development of the modern town within the net of historical layers demands constant monitoring of water and earth conditions of the subsoil. Both excessive drainage and water retention damage the stability of historical buildings and bring the threat of construction disaster.

3

Topograficzne tło osadnictwa w Krakowie

Sokołowski T.

Geologia / Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie

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2009

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T. 35, z. 1

67-76

PL

Najstarsze osady krakowskie powstawały na najwyżej wznoszących się elementach morfologicznych - wawelskim wzgórzu, oraz na piaszczystej terasie średniej, której fragment w centrum miasta jest nazywany stożkiem Prądnika. Budują go żwir, piasek ze żwirem i piasek z wkładkami mułku i torfu o łącznej miąższości niemal 30 metrów. W obrębie stożka Prądnika występuje kilka poziomów morfologicznych, a górna część najwyższego z nich powstawała podczas interglacjału eemskiego i starszego glacjału zlodowacenia wisły. Na wyżej wzniesionych fragmentach dwustopniowej, młodszej równi zalewowej rozwijały się najstarsze budowle Kazimierza. Niższy stopień jest całkowicie przekształcony przez człowieka i obecnie w rzeźbie nieczytelny. Dyskusyjne są rekonstrukcje zmian koryt rzek oraz genezy i przekształcania stosunkowo licznych kanałów. Można podważyć dość powszechny pogląd o przepływie Wisły w czasach historycznych w pobliżu Bramy Szewskiej i Furty Żydowskiej. Można natomiast stwierdzić, że tą rzeką mogła być Rudawa.

EN

The oldest settlements in Kraków came into existence on only higher situated morphological elements - on the Wawel hill and on the middle, sandy terrace, the fragment of which within the today's centre of Kraków is called the Prądnik River fan. Its built up of gravely, sandy and gravely sand deposits with intercalations of loam and peat of total thickness of almost 30 metres. A few morphological levels are cut into the Prądnik fan, and the highest of them was formed in Eemian Interglacial and Early Vistulian. On higher raised fragments of the two-step floodplain, old town Kazimierz's buildings were located. The lower step is transformed by the human activity and at present invisible. Reconstructions of the ancient hydrographical network arise controversy. Flow of the Vistula River in the vicinity of the Shoemaker Gate and the Jewish Gate in historical period can be certainly questioned. The Rudawa River flowed in these places.

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Upper Pleistocene and Holocene deposits at Starunia palaeontological site and vicinity (Carpathian region, Ukraine)

Sokołowski T., Stachowicz-Rybka R., Woronko B.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2009

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Vol. 79, No 3

255-278

EN

An abandoned ozokerite mine (= Ropyshche), where large mammal remains were discovered in the first half of the 20th century, is located in the Velyky Lukavets River valley covered with Quaternary sediments. The catchment area includes a flysch sequence unconformably overlain by salt-bearing Lower Miocene molasses of the Vorotyshcha beds. Both the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene are represented by: channel (gravel, sandy gravel) and overbank alluvium (mud, peat, biogenic mud) and colluvium (mud, sandy mud) as well as by mine wastes. The channel sediments are usually found in the lowest fragments of the borehole logs and represent mainly material deposited in the straight segments of meandering river-beds. The most common, fine-grained (Mz = 61.33 to 7.11 ?m), distal floodplain sediments are locally up to 10 m thick and are dominated by massive mud lithofacies, which contain frequent burrows, root hairs or slightly larger root traces and reed rods. These sediments are characterized by rather stable grain size distribution, quite monotonous mineral composition, presence of resistant heavy minerals and quartz grains with traces of chemical weathering. Angular grains with conchoidal fractures and sharp edges also occur. Therefore, textural features show that the main sources of material were, most probably, weathering crusts of various ages developed on relatively poorly lithologically diversified Carpathian flysch strata and on Miocene deposits of the Carpathian Foredeep. With time, an increase of the content of material originating from mechanical weathering (frost action) occurred in the floodplain deposits, which can be linked to an increase of climate severity and reduction of vegetation. However, these changes are not recorded in the deposits, which developed mostly in closed hollows and accumulated mainly from suspension or from low-energy flows. This calm sedimentation was periodically interrupted by supply of more coarse-grained material (sand, gravel). A distinct predominance of overbank deposits in the sections documented by their thickness suggests that the northward flow of the Velyky Lukavets River was blocked as a result of either neotectonic movements or damming of the valley by landslide tongues. From the lithological point of view, the most favourable conditions for preservation of large, extinct mammals still exist in the two selected areas, where the total thickness of Pleistocene muds exceeds 2 metres. The first area is located in the vicinity of boreholes Nos 2, 3, 21, 22, 23, 28, 30 33 and 36N, and the other, smaller one, is placed around borehole No. 42.

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Electric resistivity and compactness of sediments in the vicinity of boreholes drilled in the years 2007-2008 in the area of Starunia palaeontological site (Carpathian region, Ukraine)

Mościcki W. J., Sokołowski T.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2009

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Vol. 79, No 3

343-355

EN

Geoelectric research aiming to assess heterogeneity of geological environment was carried out in the Starunia area, where the unique specimens of woolly rhinoceros were discovered at the beginning of the 20th century. The DC azimuthal pole-dipole resistivity soundings and penetrometer-based resistivity profiling with simultaneous penetration-velocity measurements were used to study variability of environment in the vicinity of geological boreholes. No evident correlation was found between lithology of drilled sediments and geophysical data. Nevertheless, remarkable horizontal and vertical variability of geophysical parameters were observed. The largest horizontal changes may reflect an existence of some sharp boundaries in study area. The measured physical properties of geological strata: electric resistivity and compactness (estimated from penetration velocity) change also with the depth but correlation with geological structure can be found in limited cases only. Registered variability may have originated from several reasons: complex geological arrangement of shallow layers, salty underground water and bitumen presence in voids and pores, influence of neotectonic activity, and/or from transformations of near surface environment caused by past mining activity.

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Development of relief of the Velyky Lukavets River valley near Starunia palaeontological site (Carpathian region, Ukraine)

Sokołowski T.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2009

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Vol. 79, No 3

243-254

EN

In Quaternary sediments filling the Velyky Lukavets River valley, at the abandoned ozokerite mine (= Ropyshche) in Starunia, perfectly preserved carcasses of large mammals were discovered in the first half of the 20th century. The study area includes a fragment of the valley between Molotkiv and Starunia, and its close vicinity. The area belongs to several morphostructural and geomorphic units of the Outer Eastern Carpathians and the Carpathian Foreland. The asymmetric, subsequent valley is a part of the Mizhbystrytska Upland, where flattened ridges and flat bulges represent fragments of planation surfaces: the upper (the Krasna level), elevated 170 m above the valley bottom and linked with the Late Pliocene, and the lower one (the Loyova level), rising at 100 m and linked with the Eopleistocene. Several flat surfaces are visible on valley slopes, probably representing river terraces formed before the Late Pleistocene. The valley attained its maximum depth during the Eemian Interglacial (OIS 5e). In the Ropyshche area, probably three terrace steps built of Weichselian and Holocene sediments (OIS 5d - 1) were developed, but their top surfaces are almost completely destroyed by mining operations. The recent, meandering river bed follows the zones of decreased cohesiveness of rocks resulting from mining activity and is becoming somewhat deepened during inundations. The transported material is mostly coarse-clastic one. The two latter factors may suggest that the river is underloaded due to declining agriculture and decreasing intensity of outwash. The top surface of the sub-Quaternary basement is deformed by subsidence and collapse of mine workings, but the relief of valley bottom allows for further exploration for remnants of large mammals not only in the Ropyscche area but along the whole studied segment of the valley, as well.

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Chronostratigraphy and changes of environment of Late Pleistocene and Holocene at Starunia palaeontological site and vicinity (Carpathian region, Ukraine)

Sokołowski T., Stachowicz-Rybka R.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2009

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Vol. 79, No 3

315-331

EN

This paper presents the results of absolute dating and biostratigraphical analysis carried out for alluvial sediments of an abandoned Starunia ozokerite mine located in the Velyky Lukavets River valley, in which large mammal remains were discovered in the first half of the 20th century. The sediments build up three terrace levels. The highest one, up to 8 m high (terrace II), is likely to be associated with a stage of aggradation, as well as with a short episode of valley broadening, which occurred in the Weichselian Late Pleniglacial. The lower one, 4 m high (terrace I), is most likely to be linked with the Holocene, despite a considerable transformation of its top due to mining activity. The lower part of this terrace cover bears coarse-grained channel sediments dated to 120.6-58.9 ka BP (Eemian Interglacial?-Early Pleniglacial - OIS 5e, 4 and 3), and overbank (distal floodplain) mud with intercalations of biogenic deposits (peat, peat mud and biogenic mud). The overbank deposits are dated to 48.2-11.11 ka BP (Glinde Interstadial?-Younger Dryas, OIS 3-2) and are overlain by Holocene (OIS 1) mud and biogenic deposits. In boreholes drilled in the vicinity of the present-day river channel, younger sediments occur more frequently. These include sediments originating from the Late Weichselian overlain by Holocene sediments. However, sediments originating exclusively from the Holocene are infrequent. The deposition of sediments took place in specific conditions of a permanent saturation of the environment with brine, petroleum and thickened bitumen. In the longest period of deposition (48.2-1.27 ka BP), ephemeral swamps, ponds and lakes were developed in different parts of the floodplain. They were marked by the presence of: Juncus glaucus/effusus, J. articulatus, Typha sp., Batrachium sp., Potamogeton filliformis, Bidens tripartita, Ranunculus sceleratus and Phragmites communis, as well as by halophytic species, like: Zannichellia palustris, Triglochin maritimum, Schoenoplectus tabernemontani, Puccinelia distans and Eleocharis palustris. Rhythmic oscillations between cold and warm climatic conditions, typical of the Weichselian age and well identified in Western Europe, are here marked by the changes of plant communities (woody assemblages passing into steppe and tundra), but are not noticeably recorded in the sediments of the Velyky Lukavets River. This shows that the greatest part of the discussed period involved the formation of poorly differentiated silty overbank sediments with intercalations of biogenic sediments. However, the variability of sediments provides evidence for extreme events which occurred in the Holocene.

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Changes of natural environment in Kraków downtown - its chronology and directions. Case geoarchaeological studies of Krupnicza street site

Sokołowski T., Wacnik A., Wardas M., Pawlikowski M., Pazdur A., Madeja J., Woronko B., Madej P.

Geochronometria

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2008

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Vol. 31

7-19

EN

Sediments exposed in a construction excavation form a sequence: alluvial deposits > black soil > made ground. Peat-like deposits, organic muds and occasionally sand occur between the soil and the made ground. High aeolization of alluvial sediments allows relating their age to the Late Vistulian. The sediments were eroded and in the washout at first organic muds were deposited and subsequently sands. The lowest layer, radiocarbon-dated at 4510±60 uncal. years BP (Gd-12724), can be probably linked to climate moistening at the transition between the Holocene Atlantic and the Subboreal period. Pollen grains found in muds, black soil and peat-like deposits reflect the changes of local plant cover from dominated by pine woodlands (at the transition between the Atlantic and the Subboreal period) to strongly deforested with single trees, meadows, small crop fields and gardens in the Medieval period. Palynological results describing the character of vegetation might have been influenced also by direct human activity on site, e.g. by storage of wood and branches (then used as construction material or fuel), crops, fodder or waste. Microartefacts found in soil suggest metal processing in the vicinity during the Bronze Age. In the made ground, which has been accumulating since the 14th century, quartz, clay minerals and micas were identified together with fragments of bricks, concrete, ceramics, bones, slag, charcoal, organic matter, limestone fragments and metals. Horizons enriched in slag fragments are also high in metals: Fe, Mn and Pb, which reveal a twofold increase in metal processing activity.

9

Topograficzne tło osadnictwa w Krakowie

Sokołowski T.

Auxiliary Sciences in Archaeology, Preservation of Relics and Environmental Engineering

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2008

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nr 6 wyd. spec.

film14

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Identyfikacja obciążenia związanego ze sposobem wykonywania pracy na stanowisku nitowania w zakładzie produkcji okuć budowlanych

Horst W., Sokołowski T.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Poznańskiej. Organizacja i Zarządzanie

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2007

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Nr 47

105-118

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wybrane aspekty zarządzania ryzykiem zawodowym związanym ze sposobem wykonywania pracy. Omówiono fragmenty badań subiektywnych z wykorzystaniem ankiety IDMS (Identyfikacji dolegliwości mięśniowo-szkieletowych i ich przyczyn) oraz wyniki badań metodą RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment) w zastosowaniu do identyfikacji ergonomicznych czynników ryzyka na stanowiskach operatorek nitownic w zakładzie produkującym okucia budowlane. Przedstawione wyniki umożliwiają podejmowanie decyzji w zakresie wyboru obszarów prewencji ergonomicznej mającej na celu zapobieganie chorobom wywołanym sposobem wykonywania pracy.

EN

Objective - to study biomechanical workload at the riveting operator workstation in the aim to management of WRMSDs. Methods - research was a part of the study on musculoskeletal disorders among workers in the lock factory. MSDs symptoms in body segments were identify by IDMS questionnaire. The RULA method was application. One operator performance activity at the riveting workstation by one shift (480 minutes) was analyzed. Observations were focused on one employee (left side of body) directly at the workstation. Results - 57 IDMS questionnaires were filled. 60% operators reported WRMSDs symptoms (pain, numbness, tingling, burning, stiffness, cramping etc) in neck and upper back; 49% in wrists and 37% in shoulders and lower back. RULA method points that riveting operators were at the level: 6 - 1%; 5 - 27%; 4 - 57%; 3 - 10% of day shift.

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Topograficzne tło osadnictwa w Krakowie

Sokołowski T.

Auxiliary Sciences in Archaeology, Preservation of Relics and Environmental Engineering

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2007

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T. 3 spec. ed.

1-2

12

Teaching of geological mapping at Geological Mapping Department, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków

Felisiak I., Matyszkiewicz J., Sokołowski T.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2005

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Vol. 53, nr 10/2

899-903

EN

This paper presents the methods and scope of teaching geological mapping at the Geological Mapping Department, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environments Protection, Stanisław Staszic AGH University of Science and Technology. The main curriculum of Structural Geology and Geological Mapping consists of lectures, laboratory exercises and a summer field practice in Poland, Croatia, Slovakia or Ukraine. Teaching of geological mapping is linked to research done by the staff and to the content of the course Geomorphology and Quaternary Geology (geomorphological mapping). Students have been also taught practical use of the GPS (Global Positioning System).

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Sedimentological interpretation of crevasse splays formed during the extreme 1997 flood in the upper Vistula river valley (South Poland)

Gębica P., Sokołowski T.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2001

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Vol. 71, No 1

53-62

EN

The paper describes scours and crevasse splays formed at the breaks in embankments of the upper Vistula river valley during the summer 1997 flood. The scours cut into the floodplain composed of fining upward channel and overbank deposits. Erosional furrows have developed locally around the scours. In their vicinity, a thin layer of channel-ag gravel was locally laid down. Variously shaped crevasse splays were formed: finger-like, deltoidal and tongue-like. Surface relief, vege-tation and buildings controlled their geometry and sedimentary features. The lower parts of the deposits consist of fine and medium sands with horizontal and low-angle stratification. Higher in the sequences medium and coarse sands with pebbles display planar cross-stratification. Mud balls and black oak trunks redeposited from older alluvia are common. The whole succession represents sheet-flow sediments with partly channelized flow. Locally, at the top, coarse sands, pebbles, mud balls and boulders embedded in silty-sandy matrix occur, representing slurry-flow deposits. Also present were sediments composed of alternating sands and mud pebbles. The vanishing flow phase is marked by occasional ripple marks encountered in the top part of the sequence. Around the flow obstacles (plants, buildings) sand shadows were formed, composed of fine and medium sands with horizontal stratification in the lower parts and ripple cross-lamination along with climbing cross-lamination in the upper parts. The top part included medium and coarse sands with planar cross-stratification. Most of the studied sequences showed coarse-upward grading which is not the effect of changes in the energy of flood waters but originates from the supply of all the time coarser material from the successively deepening scours.