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Exhaust emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from diesel engine powered by biodiesel and non-esterified rapeseed oil

Vojtisek M., Fenkl M.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Nafty i Gazu

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2010

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nr 172

143-152

EN

The exhaust emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were measured on a direct-injection tractor turbodiesel engine with no electronic controls and no exhaust gas after-treatment, powered by highway petroleum-based diesel fuel, by 100% methylester of rapeseed oil (biodiesel) and 100% fuel-grade rapeseed oil, heated to 60-70 degrees of Celsius. The engine was operated on an engine dynamometer over ISO 8178 schedule C-1 8-mode non-road engine test, and schedule C-2 7-mode test characterized by low loads. Sample of the exhaust was passed through a cartridge with polyurethane foam, filter and polyurethane foam, capturing both particle-bound and gaseous PAH, which was extracted off-site and the criterion of 16 PAH content, determined by high-resolution gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer detector. The emissions of PAH were calculated as total mass and as benzo-a-pyrene equivalent using three different toxic equivalency factors. Biodiesel had, compared to diesel, PAH emissions lower by 79-84 wt % during the 8-mode test, and lower by 85 wt % and lower by 58-67% by toxic potential during the low-load 7-mode test. Vegetable oil has, compared to diesel, PAH emissions lower by 25-26 wt % during both tests. The benzo[a]pyrene equivalent was inconsitent among the three toxic equivalency factors, and was 88% higher and 6% and 7% lower during the 8- mode test and 92-168% higher during the low-load 7-mode test. The results suggest that operation at moderate to higher loads results in approximately 80% reduction of PAH while operating on biodiesel, while no significant difference was observed between diesel fuel and heated rapeseed oil. Operation at lower to medium loads had resulted in comparable effects on total PAH mass, however, the benzo[a]pyrene equivalent PAH emissions were higher compared to total PAH mass, and were, compared to diesel fuel, 60% lower for biodiesel and around twice for non-transesterified vegetable oil.

2

Reproduction of chassis dynanometer driving cycles on the road as a means of a achieving repeatable on-road emissions tests

Vojtisek-Lom M., Fenkl M.

Journal of KONES

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2008

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Vol. 15, No. 4

577-582

3

Reproduction of chassis dynamometer driving cycles on the road as a means of achieving repeatable on-road emissions tests

Vojtisek-Lom M., Fenkl M.

Journal of KONES

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2008

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Vol. 15, No. 4

577--582

EN

Projected increases in the cost of conventional fossil energy sources and greenhouse gas emissions caps are among the key drivers for the utilization of various gaseous fuels prepared from biomass in internal combustion engines, primarily in cogeneration units. Due to the low energy content and other poor qualities of many such fuels, they are often intended to be co-fired with diesel fuel, or used in blends with natural gas or other gaseous fuels. Variations in the composition of the biogas, limited capabilities of gas mixing and metering devices, and other factors create challenges in determining the intake charge composition, so that optimal mixture of air and multiple fuels can be maintained. In this study, an experimental device for mixing of two gaseous fuels was tested, with various gases, on a bus engine modified to run on experimental gaseous fuel blends. To evaluate the performance of the mixing device, the composition of the mixture of two fuel gases was continuously analyzed by an inexpensive NDIR ,”garage-grade” exhaust gas analyzer. The focus of this paper is on the adaptation of the analyzer for this purpose, including calibration and linearization techniques, its verification, and performance. Preliminary results show that this analyzer, commonly used for automobile inspection and maintenance purposes, can serve, albeit with precautions and limitations, as a relatively simple tool for field measurements of the composition of a fuel gas mixture, both raw and mixed with air.

4

Analysis of gaseous fuel blends and mixtures using inexpensive "garage" gas analyzers

Vojtisek-Lom M., Fenkl M.

Journal of KONES

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2008

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Vol. 15, No. 3

535-541

EN

Projected increases in the cost of conventional fossil energy sources and greenhouse gas emissions caps are among the key drivers for the utilization of various gaseous fuels prepared from biomass in internal combustion engines, primarily in cogeneration units. Due to the low energy content and other poor qualities of many such fuels, they are often intended to be co-fired with diesel fuel, or used in blends with natural gas or other gaseous fuels. Variations in the composition of the biogas, limited capabilities of gas mixing and metering devices, and other factors create challenges in determining the intake charge composition, so that optimal mixture of air and multiple fuels can be maintained. In this study, an experimental device for mixing of two gaseous fuels was tested, with various gases, on a bus engine modified to run on experimental gaseous fuel blends. To evaluate the performance of the mixing device, the composition of the mixture of two fuel gases was continuously analyzed by an inexpensive NDIR ",garage-grade" exhaust gas analyzer. The focus of this paper is on the adaptation of the analyzer for this purpose, including calibration and linearization techniques, its verification, and performance. Preliminary results show that this analyzer, commonly used for automobile inspection and maintenance purposes, can serve, albeit with precautions and limitations, as a relatively simple tool for field measurements of the composition of a fuel gas mixture, both raw and mixed with air.