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1

Zeroemisyjna produkcja wodoru – koncepcja stanowiska badawczego

Zaik Karolina, Werle Sebastian

Rynek Energii

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2021

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Nr 4

33--38

PL

Realizacja oraz promowanie polityki zrównoważonego rozwoju wymusza transformację systemu elektroenergetycznego. Motywem tych zmian jest polityka klimatyczna Unii Europejskiej, w której odnawialne źródła energii (OZE), pełnią funkcję jednego z fundamentów w drodze do zrównoważonego rozwoju. Rozwój OZE niesie za sobą jednak wiele wyzwań, głównie z uwagi na okresowy charakter pracy, zależny od panujących warunków atmosferycznych. Z uwagi na charakterystykę sieci elektroenergetycznej, która wymaga, aby podaż i zapotrzebowanie na energię były w każdym momencie równe, niezwykle ważną rolę w procesie implementacji OZE pełnią magazyny energii. W artykule przedstawiono koncepcję magazynowania energii z OZE w postaci energii chemicznej wodoru powstałego na drodze elektrolizy oraz omówiono jego potencjał jako paliwa odnawialnego. Ponadto przedstawiono charakterystykę pracy odnawialnych źródeł, skupiając się na kluczowych problemach integracji OZE z Krajowym Systemem Elektroenergetycznym. Zestawienie obu zagadnień podkreśla obiecujący charakter technologii Power-to-H2 w zakresie magazynowania zmiennej energii odnawialnej.

EN

The implementation and promotion of sustainable development policy forces the transformation of the power system. These changes are motivated by the European Union's climate policy, in which renewable energy sources (RES) function as one of the foundations on the road to sustainable development. However, the development of RES brings many challenges, mainly due to the periodic nature of its operation, which depends on the current weather conditions. Due to the characteristics of the power grid, which requires that the supply and demand for energy are equal at all times, energy storage plays an extremely important role in the process of RES implementation. This paper presents the concept of energy storage from RES in the form of chemical energy of hydrogen created by electrolysis and discusses its potential as a renewable fuel. In addition, the performance characteristics of renewable sources are presented, focusing on key issues of RES integration into the National Electricity System. The combination of both topics highlights the promising nature of Power-to-H 2 technology for variable renewable energy storage.

2

Solar pyrolysis and gasification of the sewage sludge - produced fuel properties analysis

Werle Sebastian, Sobek Szymon, Kaczor Zuzanna

Proceedings of ECOpole

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2020

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Vol. 14, No. 1

39--46

EN

Sewage sludge is considered as a biomass due to its biodegradability. Legal conditions in the European Union prohibit sewage sludge storage. Therefore, there is a need to develop thermal methods for sewage sludge treatment. The most common way to date has been combustion. However, this process has a lot of disadvantages associated primarily with environmental harmfulness and the immediate need to use the heat produced. Pyrolysis and gasification are considered the most promising methods of sludge management. They have many advantages over combustion. However, it is difficult to tell which method is more likely to be widely used. Therefore, the paper presents a critical comparison of the solar pyrolysis process and gasification in the fixed bed of municipal sewage sludge. The analysis of the process parameters and combustible properties of the gaseous fuels obtained was analysed.

PL

Osady ściekowe są uważane za biomasę ze względu na swą biodegradowalność. Warunki prawne w Unii Europejskiej zabraniają składowania osadów ściekowych, dlatego istnieje potrzeba rozwoju termicznych metod wykorzystania osadów ściekowych. Dotychczas najczęstszym sposobem jest spalanie. Proces ten ma jednak wiele wad związanych przede wszystkim ze szkodliwością dla środowiska i natychmiastową potrzebą wykorzystania wytworzonego ciepła. Piroliza i zgazowanie są uważane za najbardziej obiecujące metody zagospodarowania osadów. Mają wiele zalet w porównaniu do spalania. Trudno jednak stwierdzić, która metoda będzie częściej stosowana, dlatego w artykule przedstawiono porównanie procesu pirolizy słonecznej i zgazowania w złożu nieruchomym komunalnego osadu ściekowego. Przeanalizowano wpływ parametrów procesu na właściwości palne otrzymanych gazów procesowych.

3

Critical evaluation of R134a, R1234yf and R744 in passenger car cooling systems

Grygierzec Jan, Werle Sebastian

Journal of Power Technologies

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2020

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Vol. 100, nr 3

232--239

EN

The Montreal Protocol on ozone-depleting substances and the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change are affecting the refrigeration industry. Both documents have banned the use of substances responsible for ozone depletion and global warming. The automotive industry must keep up with these changes. The design of cooling systems in cars must meet the requirements of new refrigerants. In addition, changing the production profile of large car companies towards electric and hybrid cars increases this need. This development has a significant impact on the solutions installed in passenger vehicles. The paper presents a critical assessment of R134a, R1234yf, and R744 in passenger car heat pump systems. The possibility of their use in common air conditioning systems with motor drive and in the heat pump of an electric vehicle was presented. The calculation algorithm of the heat pump system has been developed, showing the influence of the physical properties of refrigerants on efficiency during the process of the designed heat pump system. The impact of using new refrigerants in the car production process has been analyzed and commented on. The influence of thermodynamic and ecological properties of refrigerants on the process of designing a heat pump system using a calculation model was described. Types of heat pump in electric cars and a calculation model were presented.

4

Energy efficiency modernizations at the industrial plant: a case study

Broniszewski Mariusz, Werle Sebastian

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2020

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Vol. 27, nr 2

183--193

EN

In the present era of continually increasing energy demand, Europe faces many challenges, such as high and unstable energy prices, growing global energy demand, increasing threat of climate change, sluggish progress within energy efficiency and issues related to increasing demand for the use of renewable energy sources. It is desirable to seek opportunities to use energy consumed most reasonably, thus ensuring continuous improvement of energy efficiency in the industry. The scope of the research includes reviewing studies in this matter and analysing the most beneficial solutions for the plant. The work aims to assess possible undertakings to modernise the energy management of an industrial plant on the example of Bulten Poland S.A. rationally and profitably for the plant. The work contains an analysis of the profitability of the potentially most beneficial solutions in terms of improving the energy efficiency of the plant. Mentioned in the article solutions, aiming increasing energy efficiency, helped become the plant independent within heating up facilities. Total heat recovery potential in amount of 18 965 GJ is motivation for further activities. This is a great opportunity to reduce significantly carbon footprint (replacing lightening into LED technology reduced CO2 by 206.3 Mg/year) and be more competitive on the market by reducing costs of product.

5

Critical analysis of the functioning of test benches dedicated to testing heat pumps in electric vehicles

Grygierzec Jan, Werle Sebastian

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2020

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Vol. 27, nr 1-2

1--10

EN

Changes in the automotive industry to bring more electric and hybrid cars to market have a significant impact on the type of heating and cooling systems for vehicles. The work done so far in this area shows the considerable impact of these systems on vehicle coverage. This is due, among other things, to the fact that air conditioning systems in electric and hybrid cars have additional tasks, such as keeping the battery temperature at the right temperature. Studies also show that heating and cooling systems based on heat pump systems have the highest efficiency. The development of such systems, however, depends on a properly planned test phase under widely varying boundary conditions. Such research allows to limit the negative impact of heating and cooling systems on the range of electric cars under real operating conditions and can contribute significantly to the popularity of electric vehicles. The aim of this work is to develop a test bench concept for testing heat pumps used in electric vehicles. The impact of the assumed boundary conditions on individual system components is presented. On the basis of two examples of test stands, a critical assessment of the effectiveness of the applied methodology was made. Differences in individual systems were indicated, and the own concept of the test bench for testing heat pumps for variable input parameters was presented.

6

Comparative review of artificial light sources for solar-thermal biomass conversion research applications

Sobek Szymon, Werle Sebastian

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2019

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Vol. 26, nr 3

443-453

EN

In recent years solar-thermal methods of waste biomass conversion are promptly gaining on attention. For researchers working in areas that suffer from lack of natural solar power, the choice of proper solar simulator for the study is crucial. Solar simulator consist of artificial light source enclosed in proper housing with optical and cooling system, powered by dedicated power supply. Solar simulators are not only granting independence from external conditions, yet provide possibility of research expand due to tuneable output power and emissive spectrum. Over the years, solar simulators were powered by different types of lamps. Throughout the history, the solar simulators were used mainly in photovoltaic and space research, crystal growth industry, and the material testing. For mentioned purposes, the total thermal output power of simulator was playing secondary role in comparison to urgent need of spectral match, irradiance distribution and beam uniformity with terrestrial or extra-terrestrial sunlight. For thermal applications, solar simulators are facing the challenge of providing high output power, described by high radiant heat flux and high heat flux density over the specified target area. In presented paper the comparison of xenon arc, metal halide lams and tungsten halogen for thermal applications has been presented with emphasis on available thermal power, spectral match with natural sunlight and operational issues. The course of decision taken during the selection of artificial light source for construction of laboratory-scale solar pyrolytic reactor is proposed.