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Badania faunistyczne wód polskiej części Tatr w latach 1919-1939

Kownacki A., Ślusarczyk J. M.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2015

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R. 60, nr 3

67--77

EN

This work constitutes a continued presentation of the history of Polish research in the fauna of the Tatra waters and covers the inter-war period. During the years 1919-1939 these studies were still conducted but on a smaller scale than before the 1st World War. Many publications were based on earlier research done before 1914, which were broader works concerning the territory of the whole country, including also the Tatra waters, such as a monograph on the leeches of Poland by Michał Giedroyć, lacewing insects by Józef Dzięgielewicz, or juxtaposition of Heteroptera (true bugs) of “Galicia” by Adam Krasucki. Alfred Lityński summed up his many years’ research on the fauna of Cladocera (water fleas) conducted in 120 ponds, both on the Polish and Slovak sides of the Tatra Mountains. Unpublished materials of deceased scientists were used as well. Professor Kazimierz Simm, the disciple of professor Antoni Wierzejewski who died in 1916, published his monograph on Spongaria, in which he mentioned Spongaria from the Toporowy Pond and included notes about the winter fauna in the outflow of Morskie Oko. Museum collections were also used. Edward Schechtel worked out feed for trouts caught in Morskie Oko in 1900. New research on the fauna of the Tatra Mountains were conducted both as part of broader studies in the Polish fauna but also presented results of studies pursued only in the Tatras. Numerous researchers continued earlier studies of zooplankton crustacea in the waters of the Tatra Mountains during the inter-war period. Monographic study on Phyllopoda and Copepoda complexes of the Toporowy Pond was presented by Kazimierz Gajl. Several works of Zygmunt Koźmiński were devoted to population and taxonomic studies on plankton crustacean Cyclops strennus. Tadeusz Wolski found in the bog-spring on Kalatówki a new Tatra species of water flea (Cladocera) – Moina rectirostris. Meaningful from the scientific point of view and, at the same time, controversial, was the work of Gajl on Branchinecta paludosa. Using an enormous amount of materials coming from the Dwoisty Pond, as well as comparative material from Scandinavia, arctic European and Asian parts of Russia, Greenland, Alasca, and on the basis of differences in anatomical features, he came to a conclusion that the population of the Polish Tatras was a separate species Branchinecta polonica. This distinction was questioned later by scientists. It remained unsolved, however, because the population of this species in the Dwoisty Pond died out. At that time, for much broader scale studies were performed on flatworms (Dendrocoelum lacteum). They were started by Władysław Poliński with his monograph on the distribution of two species of Acoela – Crenobia alpina i Dugesia gonocephala – in Poland, and continued by W. Tomaszewski. Yet much greater achievements in learning about this group were made by Marian Gieysztor, who not only named several new species from the Tatras but on the basis of the materials coming from there also described species quite new to science: Macrostomum catarractae and Dalyellia tatrica. His research were on the global scale and later scientists named one species Gieysztor. From the world-science point of view, equally important were studies conducted by Witold Stefański on nematodes living freely in pond mosses and the lakes of the Tatra Mountains. In addition to the register of species, majority of which were found for the first time in the Tatra waters, he described three species new to science: Tripyla tatrica, Steratocephalus demani and Bunonema steineri. One of the greatest achievements of inter-war hydrobiology were studies concerning biology of the inshore sands, the so-called psammon, conducted by Jerzy Wiśniewski all over Poland, including the territory of the Tatra Mountains. In the Tatras Wiśniewski studied the fauna of rotifers occurring in the psammon on the shores of lakes and streams and the fauna of underwater sand. Briofile rotifers in Poland were studied by Leszek Kazimierz Pawłowski and in his research materials from the Tatra Mountains were also included. Similarly, Władysław Rydzewski in his review of Polish water mites from the Tatras named 9 species. On a smaller scale studies were conducted on the insects living in the Tatra waters. In his key to mayflies, based on the archive materials, Józef Stanisław Mikulski listed 7 species from the Tatra Mountains. A note on morphologic differences of mayflies from Baetis alpinus group was published by Anna Steinberg. Publishing his findings of many-years’ studies on lacewings in Poland from the area of the Tatra Mountains, Jan Zaćwilichowski named only one species Sialis flavilateratafrom Stawy Gąsiennicowe. In a thorough monograph by Tadeusz Jaczewski on water boatmen (Heteroptera) in Poland, there is only one mention of aquatic bug Glaenocorisa cavifrons occurring in the Toporowy Staw. In his subsequent work (Jaczewski), another species from Toporowy Staw was mentioned – Notonecta lutea. Of fundamental importance were only the studies on Tatra dragonflies conducted by Józef Fudakowski. He found 39 species of dragonflies in the area of the Tatra Mountains, occurring in lower water bodies: Toporowy Staw Niżny, Toporowy Staw Wyżny, Smreczyński Staw, at Capki bog-spring, on Siwa Polana, in Dolina Kondratowa, Dolina Pyszna, and the high-situated bog-spring near Morskie Oko. A popular-science review of studies on the Tatra lakes, which included also fauna research, were presented by Jerzy Młodziejowski i J. Rzóska.

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The effect of long-term contamination by heavy metals on community and genome alterations of Chironomidae (Diptera) in a stream with mine drainage water (southern Poland)

Szarek-Gwiazda E., Michailova P., Ilkova J., Kownacki A., Ciszewski D., Aleksander-Kwaterczak U.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2013

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Vol. 42, No. 4

460--469

EN

This paper reports on studies of the effect of heavy metals on the Chironomidae that inhabit the Matylda stream, which has been contaminated for about 100 years by discharge water from a zinc and lead ore mine. Stream sediment was strongly polluted by Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn. These metals did not affect the Chironomidae community but strongly changed the genome system of the Chironomidae species that inhabited the sediment. The salivary gland chromosomes of six species belonging to the two genera Chironomus and Prodiamesa are analyzed. In all species the somatic index is calculated on the basis of somatic chromosome alterations. Chironomus riparius has the highest numbers of somatic alterations and the highest somatic index — 9.67. The smallest chromosome G carries the key structures known as “Balbiani rings”, which play an important role in species development. This chromosome is very sensitive in the genome of the most studied species. The high sensitivity of the C. riparius genome is discussed in light of its DNA organization. The results show a high response of the salivary gland chromosomes to heavy metal pollution, and this makes them a valuable indicator in the assessment of water quality and detection of mutagenic agents in the aquatic environment.

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Badania faunistyczne Jezior Tatrzańskich do roku 1914

Kownacki A., Ślusarczyk J. M.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2009

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R. 54, nr 1

95-113

EN

A precursor of the information on the Tatra mountains' fauna was Staszic, who having referred to his own observations, made mention to fishes in Morskie Oko. The information was later also confirmed by Zawadzki, Jarocki and Plater. A beginning of the modern searches on the Tatra mountains' waters we owe to professor Nowicki. He had not only recognized fishes, amphibians, the phylum Mollusca and insects inhabiting the waters, but also described new species for science. The disciples and followers of Nowicki continued on his searches. Dziędzielewicz took up research works over fauna of neuropterous insects in the Tatra mountains, including also the species living in the Tatra mountains' waters. Łomnicki and Rybiński did research works on the cockchafers' distribution. In 1890 Bobek, referring to Nowicki's searchings, started to investigate Diptera of the Tatra mountains. Then Kotula and Bąkowski began to describe snails and molluscs. The most eminent disciple of Nowicki was Wierzejski - an author of many articles concerning fauna of the Tatra mountains' lakes. He concentrated on exploring planktonic crustaceans and also made mention to other groups of invertebrates: hydras, Tricladida, nematodes, rotifers, leeches, Oligochaeta, water insects and molluscs. He also mentioned fishes and amphibians. Jointly, referring to his own searches, he recognized 80 species of the Tatra mountains' lakes. In the history of faunistical researches on the Tatra mountains he is said to be a discoverer of the relict species of crustacean Branchinecta paludosa. Besides the followers of Nowicki, Stobiecki described heteropters, and Rozwadowski and Niezabitowski studied on fishes. The disciples of Wierzejski were Lityński and Minkiewicz, who explored crustacean zooplankton. Apart from fundamental for the Tatra mountains' monograph concerning cladocerans (Cladocera), Lityński explained the reason why the distribution of Branchinecta paludosa is confined to Dual Caterpillar Ponds. On the other hand, having presented a description of fauna in 38 lakes of the Northern Tatra mountains and in 44 akes of the Southern Tatra mountains, Minkiewicz pointed out their'399 species.

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Semi-automatic human emotions recognition method based on I2D features

Lisowska A., Kotarski W., Kownacki A.

Journal of Medical Informatics & Technologies

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2005

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Vol. 9

215--222

EN

In the paper we present quite new approach to the problem of human emotion recognition with use of face images. We assume that basic emotions such as anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise are expressed by face mimic. Face images with the well defined emotions may be performed using the method based on geometrical wavelets (beamlets) in order to extract intrinsically two dimensional features, the most important ones from the Human Visual System point of view. Such an approach can be successfully applied in extraction process of the most important features that are responsible for recognition of basic elements of face (eyes, nose, lips, etc.). The listed elements of face have a little different location that depends on emotion expressed. It has been proved experimentally that it is possible using very small amount of information extracted from a face image, by the so-called beamlet extractor, to recognize emotion with high accuracy. Very promising results of experiments suggest that the method should be further investigated and improved.