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The effect of turning frequency on the compost dynamics and quality derived from empty fruit bunches, Azolla microphylla, and active organic fertilizer

Parmanoan Durain, Faridah Anni, Trisakti Bambang, Sidabutar Rivaldi, Irvan Irvan, Alexander Vikram, Al Fath M. Thoriq, Dalimunthe Nisaul Fadilah, Daimon Hiroyuki, Takriff Mohd Sobri

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2025

Vol. 26, nr 2

350--362

The composting process of palm oil empty fruit bunches (EFB) and Azolla microphylla, supplemented with active organic fertilizer (AOF), presents an alternative method for utilizing solid palm oil mills waste. The purpose of this study is investigate the turning frequencies effect during composting on the degradation rate of EFB and Azolla microphylla using AOF in a basket composter to produce high-quality compost. The process involves cutting EFB to 1–3 cm pieces, mixing it with Azolla microphylla in an 80:20 ratio, and adding AOF to achieve an optimal moisture content (MC) of 55–65%. MC is maintained at these levels by periodically adding AOF. The turning frequencies tested include once per day, every 2 days, every 3 days, every 4 days, and every 5 days. Analyzed parameters were temperature, MC, pH, water holding capacity (WHC), volatile suspended solids, electrical conductivity (EC), and C/N ratio. Results indicate it takes 30 days to generate compost, with the optimal degradation of EFB and Azolla microphylla achieved at a turning frequency of once every 2 days, yielding values of pH 8.7, MC 55.72%, WHC 77%, EC 2746 μS/cm, and a C/N ratio of 14.83.

Enhancing biochar-assisted co-digestion of food waste and sewage sludge using cow dung as methanogenic bacteria inoculum: Effect of biochar incorporation

Gusty Noersukma Dwi, Irvan, Sarah Maya, Trisakti Bambang, Sidabutar Rivaldi, Hanum Farida, Alamsyah Vandria, Pasaribu Della Sri Kristina, Daimon Hiroyuki, Sijabat Martiaman

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

2025

Vol. 26, iss. 2

220--229

The mono-digestion of sludge in biogas production has limitations due to its inefficient process. To overcome this issue, co-digestion with food waste at an optimal mixing ratio can be applied to enhance biogas production. Additionally, further optimization can be achieved by adding biochar, which acts as a stabilizer and increases the systems buffering capacity. This study investigates the role of biochar as a process stabilizer in biogas yield through the co-digestion of food waste and sewage sludge. The substrates consisted of food waste and sewage sludge mixed at a 4:1 ratio, with cow dung serving as the methanogenic bacteria inoculum in a 1:1 ratio. Fermentation was performed in an 11 L reactor at 38 °C, pH 7 ± 0.2, and an agitation speed of 80 rpm, with biochar added in varying amounts of 0 g/L, 0.5 g/L, and 1.5 g/L. Parameters analyzed included pH, m-alkalinity, total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and biogas volume. Results showed that a biochar addition of 1.5 g/L achieved best performance compared to 0 g/L and 1 g/L, producing 3.19 L/gVS.day of biogas. The optimal composition of methane, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide was 76.00%, 23.13%, and 0.31% (v/v), respectively, with a final VS reduction of 12,000 mg/L. Biochar addition significantly improved process stability and biogas production, highlighting its potential to enhance efficiency and support sustainable industrial-scale waste management.

Determination of Kinetic Models in Acidogenesis Process of Palm Oil Mill Effluent

Trisakti Bambang, Turmuzi Muhammad, Taslim Taslim, Irvan Irvan

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

2024

Vol. 25, iss. 10

118--125

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) can be transformed into biogas. Acidogenesis, as a fermentation process, involves decomposition of hydrolysis products into simpler organic products in the form of acetate, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Intermediate products from acidogenesis form of volatile fatty acids (VFA), such as propionate, butyrate, valerate, and their isoforms, which require further metabolic processes to produce biogas. The aim of the research was to determine the suitable kinetics model that describes microbial growth (from volatile suspended solid (VSS) values) and production in the acidogenesis process. The reactor used in this acidogenesis process was a stirred tank reactor with a volume of 6 L and operates in a batch system. This research was conducted with a variable agitation rate variation (200; 250; and 300 rpm) at a temperature of 30 °C and 55 °C. The pH was varied, including 5; 5.5; and 6. The kinetic models used in this study were Modified Gompertz, Monod, and Logistic. The best effect of pH on VSS was obtained at pH 5.5, agitation rate on VSS was obtained at agitation rate of 250 rpm and operating conditions for acidogenesis process was achieved under thermophilic conditions (55 °C). Logistic kinetic model is the best kinetic model that can describe VSS and VFA in this study.