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1
Content available The limit of inconsistency reduction in pairwise comparisons
Koczkodaj W. W., Szybowski J.
International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science
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2016
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Vol. 26, no. 3
721--729
EN
This study provides a proof that the limit of a distance-based inconsistency reduction process is a matrix induced by the vector of geometric means of rows when a distance-based inconsistent pairwise comparisons matrix is transformed into a consistent PC matrix by stepwise inconsistency reduction in triads. The distance-based inconsistency indicator was defined by Koczkodaj (1993) for pairwise comparisons. Its convergence was analyzed in 1996 (regretfully, with an incomplete proof) and finally completed in 2010. However, there was no interpretation provided for the limit of convergence despite its considerable importance. This study also demonstrates that the vector of geometric means and the right principal eigenvector are linearly independent for the pairwise comparisons matrix size greater than three, although both vectors are identical (when normalized) for a consistent PC matrix of any size.
2
Content available remote Important Facts and Observations about Pairwise Comparisons (the special issue edition)
Koczkodaj W. W., Redlarski G., Szybowski J., Wajch E., Mikhailov L., Soltys M., Tamazian G., Yuen K. K. F.
Fundamenta Informaticae
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2016
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Vol. 144, nr 3/4
291--307
EN
This study has been inspired by numerous requests for clarification from researchers who often confuse Saaty’s Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) with the pairwise comparisons (PC) method, taking AHP as the only representation of PC. This study should be regarded as an interpretation and clarification of past investigations of PC. In addition, this article is a reflection on general PC research at a higher level of abstraction: the philosophy of science. It delves into the foundations and implications of pairwise comparisons. Some results of this study are based on a recently published work by Koczkodaj and Szwarc. Finally, open problems have also been reported for future research.
3
Content available remote Fast Convergence of Distance-based Inconsistency in Pairwise Comparisons
Koczkodaj W. W., Kosiek M., Szybowski J., Xu D.
Fundamenta Informaticae
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2015
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Vol. 137, nr 3
355--367
EN
This study presents theoretical proof and empirical evidence of the reduction algorithm convergence for the distance-based inconsistency in pairwise comparisons. Our empirical research shows that the convergence very quick. It usually takes less than 10 reductions to bring the inconsistency of the pairwise comparisons matrix below the assumed threshold of 1/3 (sufficient for most applications). We believe that this is the first Monte Carlo study demonstrating such results for the convergence speed of inconsistency reduction in pairwise comparisons.
4
Content available remote On Axiomatization of Inconsistency Indicators for Pairwise Comparisons
Koczkodaj W. W., Szwarc R.
Fundamenta Informaticae
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2014
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Vol. 132, nr 4
485--500
EN
This study examines the notion of inconsistency in pairwise comparisons for providing an axiomatization for it. It also proposes two inconsistency indicators for pairwise comparisons. The primary motivation for the inconsistency reduction is expressed by a computer industry concept “garbage in, garbage out”. The quality of the output depends on the quality of the input.
5
Content available How to support government procurement by a pairwise comparisons model
Koczkodaj W. W., Mackasey W. O., Smolewski I., Tadeusiewicz R.
Studia Informatica : systems and information technology
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2013
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Vol. 1-2(17)
19--28
EN
This study demonstrates how a government procurement process could be improved by the pairwise comparisons method. A case study, related to assessment of project proposals is used for demonstration purpose. The project proposals were requested by a Canadian government agency to assess the environmental and public safety hazards of abandoned mines. However, the presented model is applicable (with easy-to-implement modifications) to any other case of government procurement.
6
Content available Generating placated random shapes for an area estimation study
Almowanes A., Kakiashvili T., Koczkodaj W. W.
Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computational Mechanics
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2013
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Vol. 12, nr 2
5--13
EN
Random but visually nice shapes are often needed for cognitive experiments and processes. This study describes a heuristic for generating random but nice shapes. We call them placated shapes. These shapes are produced by applying the Gaussian blur to randomly generated polygons. Subsequently, the threshold is set to transform pixels to black and white from different shades of gray. This transformation produces placated shapes for easier estimation of areas. Randomly generated placated shapes are used for testing the accuracy of cognitive processes by pairwise comparisons. They can also be used in many other areas such as computer games or software testing. Such shapes could also be used for camouflaging heavy army equipment.
7
Content available remote A context aware framework for product based software certification
Babiy V., Janicki R., Koczkodaj W. W., Wassyng A.
Journal of Applied Computer Science
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2011
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Vol. 19, nr 1
7-32
EN
In this paper, we propose a proof of concept context aware framework to facilitate product based software certification. The framework provides an applied environment for software certification by integrating tools such as Eclipse, Jena, OntoStudio, Protégé, Equinox, EMMA, log4j, RCP, JUnit, Jfeature and Apache Ant. It was developed within the Open Service Gateway initiative (OSGi) environment and is managed by a collection of automation scripts. The framework is intended for the certification of software which is developed with high level languages. We also propose a product based software certification process that is structured on component based certification principles and integrates current methodologies such as Integrated Component Maturity Model (ICMM), PECA framework (Plan the evaluation, Establish criteria, Collect data and Analyze data) and Goal Question Metric (GQM). Although the certification process is product based, the process also tries to be aligned with ISO JTC1 SC7, ISO IEC 25000, ISO 15939, ISO IEC 14598 and ISO 9126 standards. The general core of this certification process is composed of elements from a number of known software certification models. We tried to gather the benefits of other software certification models into a single model. At first every component is evaluated independently and then a global certificate level is computed which depends on the evaluation status of very component. The described software certification process addresses areas of the software certification which are known as magic steps.
8
Content available remote Medical Knowledge Mining from Image Data : Synthesis of Medical Image Assessments for Early Stroke Detection
Koczkodaj W. W., Przelaskowski A., Szopinski K. T.
Machine Graphics and Vision
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2010
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Vol. 19, No. 3
283-298
EN
The key issue of this study is synthesis of medical images and expert knowledge for early detection of a medical condition, such as stroke or cancer. Such synthesis is a missing link for making decisions during the diagnostic process. Knowledge mining in image databases can be enhanced by computing the relative importance of image features using pairwise comparisons. Computed weights can be systematically used for synthesis of various image features present in the same or different images.
9
Content available remote Classifying Visual Objects with the Consistency-Driven Pairwise Comparisons Method
Koczkodaj W. W., Robidoux N., Tadeusiewicz R.
Machine Graphics and Vision
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2009
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Vol. 18, No. 2
143-154
EN
The classification of the various image features or visual objects can be carried out by the consistency-driven pairwise comparisons method based on their relative importance. A key issue in the proposed approach is a weight-based synthesis for combining various image features. When compared with the traditional experience-based linear assignment method, the proposed approach is more effective and easy to communicate.
10
Content available remote About Business Decision Making by A Consistency-Driven Pairwise Comparisons Method
Koczkodaj W. W., LeBrasseur R., Wassilew A., Tadeusziewicz R.
Journal of Applied Computer Science
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2009
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Vol. 17, nr 1
55-70
EN
Writing this paper has been inspired by the most recent economic crises in the world. Better decision making methods are more needed now than ever before. This study presents an innovate approach to the assessment of management capability in businesses. It is based on the consistency-driven pairwise comparisons method. A proposed conceptual model of performance is flexible and adaptable to different requirements and preconditions (e.g., grant or loan applications). Considering the complexity, a hierarchical structure is used and an inconsistency analysis is performed for all the levels of the structure. The pairwise comparisons method synthesizes together performance assessments assessed at two levels (in our case; there may be more levels in general). The method of consistency-driven pairwise comparisons can be combined with other quantitative and qualitative assessment methods (including brainstorming and Delphi method). Non measurable criteria which often bypassed in other approaches, can be included in the presented model. The consistency-driven pairwise comparisons method contributes to the reliability of assessment through the consistency analysis and solid statistical studies show the accuracy improvement. The management capability merit index (MC-merit) and a procedure for computing it are introduced.
11
Content available Supporting a Medical Diagnostic Process by Selected AI Methods : an Asperger Syndrome Case Study
Kakiashvili T., Koczkodaj W. W., Matheson D., Montgomery P., Passi K., Rybakowski F., Tadeusiewicz R., Woodbury-Smith M.
Studia Informatica : systems and information technology
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2008
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Vol. 1(10)
5--13
EN
A medical knowledge-driven diagnostic process can be supported by AI methods as presented here by an Asperger Syndrome case study. Two methods: consistency-driven pairwise comparisons (CDPC) and automatic understanding (AU) are presented in this study. Deficiencies of a data-driven model for the medical diagnostic p rocess and clinical reasoning are also discussed.
12
Content available remote Internet Contamination as a Global Harm and a Social Problem
Babiy V., Janicki R., Bigelow B., Grewal R. S., Kakiashvili T., Koczkodaj W. W., Passi K., Tadeusiewicz R.
Journal of Applied Computer Science
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2008
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Vol. 16, nr 2
43-53
EN
This position paper demonstrates that the global and cumulative cost of dealing with spam is at the level of some natural disasters. Internet email has been a very powerful new technology with enormous social and scientific benefits. However, Internet contamination has currently become a serious social problem. In particular, email spam is a significant irritant and personal stressor which impairs quality of life. Technology solutions, such as filtering tools, are useful but imperfect as they are either too tight or too loose and require their own daily management. Spam volume has impaired daily operations of individual computers and causes servers to crash. It also threatens data integrity as important messages are often filtered along with the unwanted ones. Excessive Internet usage already can threaten mental health and the huge growth of spam only threatens to make the problem intolerable in the very near future. Spam is driven by profit. Social solutions, such as collective action, are needed as spam is a global threat and needs to be prosecuted as a serious threat to security.
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