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PL
Produkcja energii elektrycznej na bazie źródeł odnawialnych systematycznie rośnie. Coraz częściej uważa się, że w długiej perspektywie zastąpią one tradycyjne źródła energii, jakimi są paliwa kopalne oraz energetyka jądrowa. Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja czynników technicznych i ekonomicznych warunkujących rozwój produkcji energii elek-trycznej na bazie źródeł odnawialnych. Zwrócono uwagę na zasoby surowcowe (konwencjonalne i odnawialne), wady i zalety odnawialnych źródeł energii elektrycznej oraz wpływ polityki energetycznej państwa na rozwój produkcji energii na bazie tych źródeł.
EN
Electricity production based on renewable energy sources is growing steadily. It is more and more of ten believed that in the long run they will replace traditional energy sources, which are fossil fuels and nuclear power. The purpose of this article is to identify technical and economic factors influencing the development of electricity production based on renewable energy sources. The attention was drawn to natural resources (conventional and renewable), the advantages and disadvantages of renewable energy sources and the impact of national energy policy on the development of energy production based on these sources.
EN
The proper warehouse management strongly affects the condition of the company. The paper describes a way to reorganize the input storage layout of steel raw materials of the company that specializes in manufacturing large-size products. In particular, the existing state of the store and next three new conceptions were presented. Attention was paid to the storage area intended for the steel sheets. Some alternative variants of horizontal and vertical steel sheets storing and means of the internal transport were considered in these new solutions. The most important criteria for choosing a solution for implementation were also presented. The designed layout of the magazine, compared to the existing state, enables the elimination of waste associated with the available capacity, reduce time and cost associated with the involvement of the means of production and human resources.
EN
This paper presents the possible application of GRIP NC programming language in order to optimise a manufacturing process. The possible optimization could be provided in Siemens NX Software with use of .Net programing language, SNAP libraries or GRIP NC language supported up to current version. Simplicity of use is a main advantage especially in situation when industrial company starts applying automated optimization in a technological process preparation. Automation should be considered also in order to manage with multi machine processes. In the proposed solution there is an algorithm that executes the loop until parameters, trajectory and strategy of cutting satisfy the set ranges. The software application could be extended for other types of manufacturing. Simultaneously the result of manufacturing process is important according to quality of surface, and chip removal process.
EN
This paper describes example of LEAN and SIX SIGMA methodology application in order to improve production processes. The aim of the study was to improve the production processes of wire sheaves for electrical installations of cars and agricultural machinery. The main problem was the high production costs and long lead times of technological process in case of the prototypes and sheaves produced in small series. Significant number of manufacturing defects has also been a problem. The analysis carried out in accordance with the methodology DMAIC and SIX SIGMA allowed identification of the main problems and development of solutions. As a result of the work proper solutions has been developed and implemented to streamline the production processes, as well as improve the quality and efficiency of the production system in the studied area.
EN
In this paper alternative methods of the artificial lures manufacturing are presented. Proposed approach is based on application of various contemporary techniques it is reverse engineering rapid prototyping and manufacturing and middle-end CAD modeler. It is proposed to use reverse engineering not only for gathering of existing parts 3D geometry but also for acquiring it just from fish. Moreover if there is a possibility to gather information about fish skin texture, with high end 3D scanners, the real-looking fishing lures would be produced. These scanned models are usually sufficiently good for production with rapid prototyping apparatus. In order to meet a client needs application of the middle-end CAD modeler – Inventor is proposed. It allows modeling a product geometry which is well matched to a client needs and requirements. Finally vacuum casting rapid manufacturing method for a small batch production of soft fishing lures is suggested. This paper gives an application example of each above mentioned methods
PL
W artykule poddano analizie wybrane spółki z sektora elektroenergetycznego funkcjonujące w USA i Polsce. Celem artykułu jest ocena kondycji finansowej tych podmiotów pod kątem źródeł ich finansowania, uzyskiwanej rentowności oraz płynności finansowej. W oparciu o przeprowadzoną analizę można stwierdzić, że spółki amerykańskie stosują w praktyce bardziej agresywne strategie finansowania, w większym zakresie korzystając z dźwigni finansowej. Przedsiębiorstwa funkcjonujące w Polsce do finansowania majątku wykorzystują przeważnie kapitał własny, co wynika głównie z uwarunkowań prawnych oraz struktury właścicielskiej. Istnieje jednak duże prawdopodobieństwo, że takie czynniki jak: istniejący stan techniczny, polityka klimatyczna UE oraz rozwój energetyki rozproszonej, mogą spowodować zmianę obecnych strategii finansowania polskich przedsiębiorstw.
EN
The article shows the analysis of selected companies from the electric power industry in the USA and Poland. The purpose of this article is to assess the financial condition of these entities in terms of their sources of financing, profitability and liquidity. Based on the analysis it can be concluded that U.S. companies use in practice more aggressive strategies, to a greater extent by using financial leverage. Enterprises operating in Poland use mostly equity. It is mainly due to legislative framework and ownership structure. However, there is a high probability that factors such as: existing technical infrastructure, EU climate policy and the development of distributed energy, may change the current financing strategies of Polish companies.
PL
Podatek dochodowy od przedsiębiorstw jest istotnym źródłem dochodów budżetowych. Jego konstrukcja jest dość złożona. Jest ona jedną z przyczyn relatywnie wysokich kosztów związanych z gromadzeniem i przetwarzaniem informacji dla celów podatkowych (koszty przedsiębiorców) oraz kosztów kontroli podatków (koszty administracji podatkowej). Sytuacja ta przyczynia się między innymi do rozwoju szarej strefy gospodarczej. Jej wielkość w Polsce szacuje się na poziomie około 24% PKB. Uzasadnione wydaje się zastąpienie podatku dochodowego od przedsiębiorstw podatkiem przychodowym, którego konstrukcja jest prostsza, a kontrola mogłaby być bardziej skuteczna.
EN
Corporate income tax (CIT) provides substantial income for the State budget. The tax struc-ture and regulations are quite complex which result in relatively high costs associated with collecting, storing and processing information necessary for effective and efficient tax collection, in particular information about the costs incurred by entrepreneurs in their business activities. Current CIT regulations have also a significant impact on the cost of tax administration and contribute to the development of shadow economy. It is assessed that the size of shadow economy in Poland is about 24% of the total Poland’s GDP. Therefore, many economists argue that corporate income tax should be replaced by the tax calculated on the revenue instead of income, which is simpler and therefore tax collection could be cheaper and more effective.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano źródła finansowania inwestycji małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw. Ich ocena została przeprowadzona na podstawie informacji statystycznej oraz badań ankietowych firm funkcjonujących na terenie województwa lubelskiego. Wydatki inwestycyjne w badanej grupie podmiotów gospodarczych w ostatnich latach znacząco wzrosły, lecz nadal są niskie. Finansowane są głównie środkami własnymi. Poziom innowacyjności inwestycji wprawdzie rośnie, lecz jest niewystarczający. Konieczne jest wsparcie procesów innowacyjnych w małych i średnich przedsiębiorstwach poprzez odpowiednie zmiany w przepisach prawnych i działania władz lokalnych.
EN
The article presents the sources of financing of small and medium-sized enterprises. Their evaluation was based on statistical information and surveys of businesses operating in the Lublin province. Capital expenditures in the group of economic operators in recent years significantly increased, but still low. Are mainly financed with own funds. The level of innovation investment, while growing, but it is insufficient. It is necessary to support innovation processes in SMEs by appropriate changes in legislation and the activities of local authorities.
EN
This paper presents the reconstruction process of medical devices designed for prevention of the haemorrhage in the nasal cavity. The DEMED company (the medical parts plant) turned to authors in order to start a scientific project concerning the problem of elements reconstruction in case of lack of technical documentation. The additional problem with original parts resulted from the original parts manufacturing technology – parts were handmade. The economic purpose from DEMED company angle was to increase the production volume thanks to accessibility of greater number of moulds designed and produced on the basis of reconstructed parts geometry. The proposed in the paper solution is based on hybrid model and selected cross-sections transfer into 2D CAD software in order to prepare technical documentation. In the reconstruction process the 3D scanning was used.
EN
In this paper the methodology applied during the analysis and testing processes of the dimensional accuracy of parts made with FDM technology is shown. The manufactured parts were made on the basis of the technical documentation delivered by the ordering company. The main purpose of the conducted research was to check the differences between chosen dimensions of original parts made with injection moulding and those made with FDM technology. The short characteristic of the applied manufacturing technology and the research methodology were also presented in the paper.
PL
Przestarzałość techniczna aparatu wytwórczego oraz polityka energetyczna Unii Europejskiej w istotnym stopniu określają potrzeby inwestycyjne polskiej elektroenergetyki. Wydatki inwestycyjne głównych grup kapitałowych ponoszone w latach 2008-2011 były średnio o połowę niższe niż środki finansowe pochodzące z zysku zatrzymanego i amortyzacji. Przyczyną tej sytuacji wydaje się być brak jednoznacznej strategii rozwojowej badanych podmiotów gospodarczych, związane z czynnikami ryzyka tego sektora wynikającymi m.in. z polityki klimatycznej UE, niepewności związanej z prywatyzacją sektora, przewidywanymi zmianami w prawie energetycznym.
EN
Investment needs in Polish electrical power engineering sector are largely determined by outdated technologies and production infrastructure, as well as current power engineering policies of the European Union. Investment outlays borne in 2008-2011 by major capital groups were on average lower by 50% than financial means coming from retained profit and amortization. It seems that the reason for this situation is the lack of clear-cut development strategies in surveyed entities addressing all identified risks that the electrical power engineering sector is facing resulting from climate policies adopted by the European Union, uncertainties associated with privatization of the power industry in Poland, and predicted changes in power engineering law.
EN
The Paper presents the disassembly module. The module is an integral part of expert system that is partial implementation of the Technical Mean Recirculation Method (TMRM). The Disassembly module is divided to two separate sub-modules like: Structure and Sequence. The Structure sub-module is used to input technical mean structure and joins (connection character joins), between elements. In the Sequence sub-module the syndrome identify tag is created to which mechanically used and damaged elements are assigned. As result of gained data algorithm analysis, automatically the disassembly documentation is generated with rule of minimal disassembly range taken in consideration. User have also possibility to modify the operation contents or prepare a sequence manually.
EN
The paper presents aggregation module and the author's Interchangeable Refurbishment Method (IRM). The aggregation module is an integral part of expert system that aid the overhaul process preparation. By operation oriented to the abstracts (technical documentation, structure, symptoms and list of damaged or mechanically used elements) reveals possibility of estimation: which elements should be replaced and which should be examined. Next the Interchangeable Refurbishing Method is proposed, in which mechanically used or damaged elements assigned to syndrome are replaced, by what time for further examination and refurbishment is simultaneously gained. Furthermore with provided aggregation, assignment of element a copy is possible and placement of that copy. The Aggregation module by automatically assignment of elements to replacement or further examination, improve stage of initial decision in the author's Technical Mean Recirculation Method (TMRM). The Aggregation is based on data gained form technical documentation, what are: element complexity, mass and joins quantity. Relative cost based on results is determined.
14
Content available remote Disassembly and aggregation in computer aided overhaul preparation
EN
Purpose: Disassembly and aggregation procedures are main aspects of an overhaul process. The paper presents the example of an application that solves automation of technical mean recirculation procedures. Automation in the aspect of overhaul process preparation should be obtained through new tools specially oriented to refurbish mechanically used or damaged components. Design/methodology/approach: Methodology is based on complex overhaul process analysis that conclude technical mean recirculation method. This method brings technical mean back to operation with procedures (like: disassembly, aggregation, examination, preparation of refurbishing technology, overhaul process report generation) determined in specific order. Findings Method of technical mean refurbishing with computer aid application. Proposition of automation in aspects of: disassembly (disassembly correct sequence) and aggregation procedures (which elements should be examined). Research limitations/implications: Important limitations are: disassembly based on assembly order, automation widest range possible when disassembly and aggregation is based on existing documentation. Aggregation algorithm based on machined type of elements. Practical implicatioii: Nowadays overhaul processes are based directly in most cases on leading technologist experience. Elaborated method and application leads to more objective solutions (decisions) based on algorithms results. Originality/value CAO is an original and new approach that should be considered especially in heavy industry. Nowadays subjective decisions about how to refurbish in overhaul processes could be replaced by automated computer aided solutions. Positive economic impact to future and present overhaul processes execution in industry.
15
PL
Ze względu na recyrkulację można konstruować środki techniczne bądź przygotowywać dokumentację regeneracyjną. Recyrkulację środka technicznego można zautomatyzować z zastosowaniem technik wspomagania komputerowego. Po wstępnej agregacji elementów do badań lub wymiany, elementy wybrane do dalszych badań stają się celem przeprowadzenia dokładnej (zależnej od dostępności sprzętu) oceny stanu technicznego. Na podstawie danych dyskretnych analizy uszkodzeń, zużycia i kosztów następuje agregacja technologii regeneracji i wygenerowanie jej dokumentacji.
EN
A computer aided method of refurbishing various technical means is presented in the following article. Described method presents a complex approach to the problem of constructing oriented to refurbishing. This article also presents the idea of multiple concatenations between advisory system and results of examinations. Afterwards conditions of technical elements and joints are recorded in relational database. Gathered data witch contain information about elements and joints conditions, can be used in the future refurbish processes. The final step is to assign, refurbishing technologies recorded in database to chosen elements and joints. The article also presents identification technique that can be used in assembly procedure after first refurbishing process.
16
Content available remote Refurbishing technologies of hydraulic actuators applied in mining industry
EN
Purpose: of this paper: Mainly, future design and manufacturing processes should be oriented to refurbishing and overhaul, such as mining machines, hydraulics, military industry, heavy industry products, etc.. This paper shows method which can improve indirectly profitability also in environment protection area. Design/methodology/approach: Methodology that solves refurbishing and overhaul problem of application, is based on CAD/CAM integration, and predicts possibility to even prepare design for refurbishing. With help of reverse engineering techniques, also exist approach to refurbish elements that has no overhaul documentation prepared before. Findings: Preparation of overhaul documentation for families of constructions, should be computer aided with use of prepared dedicated software. Time need to prepare refurbishing technology, can be considerably reduced. Research limitations/implications: Refurbishing and overhaul in existence cycle of product should have same rights as technology or design processes. Future development of new refurbishing technologies should be prepared in software combined with CAD/CAM modules used in advanced CAE programs. Practical implications: Mining industry after possible initiate refurbishing methods, can extend exploit time of exerted machines. Simultaneously producers of mining machines and equipment, after bringing in design for refurbishing strategy in to production, can enhance economical profits from maintenance and service time prolongation. Originality/value: For last twenty years no development in area of patents were noticed. That came with increase of consumption strategy progressed by produces. Presented method solves issues of materials raise in prices and relatively short time of maintenance and service time period. New workstations in industry can be created with application of the method.
PL
Rozwijanie technologii recyrkulacji jest wymogiem gospodarki rynkowej, w której konkurencyjność wymusza zmniejszanie kosztów użytkowania środków technicznych. Dotyczy to szczególnie tych środków technicznych, w stosunku do których, zastosowany jest duży reżim działania w skrajnych warunkach jak np. siłowników hydraulicznych stosowanych w górnictwie. Dzięki skutecznym metodom recyrkulacji, których celem jest konstruowanie ze względu na recyrkulację oraz przygotowanie technologii recyrkulacji w zależności od przewidywanych uszkodzeń środków technicznych, udaje się zmniejszyć koszty użytkowania maszyn górniczych, a tym samym zmniejszyć ceny wydobycia węgla.
EN
Develop of refurbishing technologies is a need of national economy market, in which competition exacts minimization technical means use costs. Especially technical means that has huge regime work in difficult conditions e.g. hydraulic bays applied in mining industry. Thanks to the efficient refurbishing methods, which target is design oriented to refurbishing and technologies preparation assigned to predicted failures of technical means, cost of mining industry technical means exploit decrease and simultaneously decreases cost of coal output. Article also presents examples of refurbishing provided especially to technical means used in mining industry (hydraulic actuators).
EN
UE Structural Funds is a third, special kind of company capital. These funds should not be considered as a source of free capital for enterprises. There are many factors having influence on the cost of this capital. These are: application cost, higher fixed costs connected with new assets, the risk of not obtaining planned investment cocts refundation and finally the risk of failure.
EN
The pulsed neutron generator in the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Kraków operates as a pulsed and/or stationary neutron source. Its experimental set-up for research of the time-dependent thermal neutron fields in various media is presented. The electronic control systems for the generator and for data acquisition, necessary to assure the required measurement conditions, have been designed and built by the authors. The new electronic equipment makes it possible to do the measurements with high accuracy and repeatability. The macroscopic absorption cross section for environmental materials, like rocks, borehole and formation fluids, are measured routinely using the pulsed neutron source by two methods elaborated in the INP. The pulsed neutron parameters for homogeneous and heterogeneous materials (e.g. containing absorbing centres in a low absorption matrix) can be also measured by the geometrical buckling method on the same experimental set-up. Experiments for materials of variable bulk densities are going on. Other experiments are related to a verification of new theoretical models of thermal neutron scattering in hydrogenous media.
PL
Generator neutronów prędkich działający w Instytucie Fizyki Jądrowej im. Henryka Niewodniczańskiego w Krakowie może pracować zarówno z wiązką ciągłą, jak i impulsową. W pracy opisane jest stanowisko pomiarowe do badania niestacjonarnych pól neutronowych w różnego rodzaju ośrodkach. Systemy sterowania i kontroli generatora neutronów i stanowiska pomiarowego oraz układy zapewniające utrzymanie odpowiednich i stabilnych warunków pomiarowych zostały zaprojektowane i wykonane przez zespół autorów. Nowoczesne rozwiązania elektroniczne umożliwiają wykonywanie pomiarów z wysoką dokładnością i powtarzalnością. Obecnie stanowisko pomiarowe wykorzystywane jest do pomiaru przekroju czynnego absorpcji neutronów termicznych dla materiałów geologicznych dwiema metodami impulsowymi opracowanymi w IFJ. Ponadto metodą zmiennego bucklingu geometrycznego wyznacza się tzw. impulsowe parametry neutronowe dla ośrodków jednorodnych i niejednorodnych (np. centra absorpcyjne w słabo absorbującym medium). Wykonuje się również eksperymenty dla materiałów o zmiennej gęstości nasypowej. Stanowisko może też być wykorzystywane do eksperymentów służących weryfikacji badań podstawowych dotyczących procesów spowalniania, rozpraszania i dyfuzji neutronów w ośrodkach o ograniczonych rozmiarach, w szczególności zawierających wodór związany w molekułach.
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