Artificial Intelligence (AI) combines Machine Learning (ML) and Large Language Models (LLM) on which ChatBots, e.g. GPT-4, are based. Itis accepted and appreciated in almost all areas, but in education it still raises many controversies and concerns. The sooner we introduce ourselves and students to it, the less we will fear it and the more successful our students will be. We should introduce AI elements into most courses, first of all teaching students to interact with ChatBots. It would also be good to create courses with the basics of Machine Learning. Various examples of the use of AI in education, in particular in the Earth sciences, are presented, drawing also attention to various problems and threats.
Lava tubes and caves, when accessible for man, are very common in volcanic environments and poorly known to non-specialists. This short overview presents the distribution and forms of lava tubes, their speleothems and mineralogy and modes of formation. Studies of lava caves outside of Earth currently are a topic of great interest, as they may be potential locations for some life forms and future bases in space exploration. Basic features of lava tubes are illustrated with reference to the longest lava cave in the world, Kazumura Cave, in Hawaii.
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