Offshore wind turbines could be an important aspect of the global green energy transition, but their implementation is challenging due to the harshness of marine environments. Compared to onshore structures, offshore wind turbines are exposed to stronger loads from waves and more turbulent atmospheric conditions, while salt-laden air accelerates structural degradation. These variable environmental conditions also make diagnostics difficult. Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, which are already embedded in all turbines, provide a cost-effective source of operational data for performance assessment and condition monitoring. Although experience of SCADA-based onshore testing over recent decades has provided valuable knowledge, these insights cannot be directly applied to offshore monitoring. This review summarises the current state of knowledge of SCADA-based monitoring for offshore wind turbines, compares it with onshore approaches, and highlights offshore-specific challenges arising from the marine environment.
Exchange of documents as email attachments in collaborative decision making lacks support for keeping track of threads of performed activities, which often leads to email overload and strain. A proactive document email attachment linking the passive content and active services could build reproducibility in collaborative processes, even if workers may tend to exchange emails indiscriminately. The key role in achieving this is played by the migration path embedded in the document code, which when interpreted by the specially designed smart email client can suport document steering. Owing to this, the email system can provide a platform for document-centric processing and can introduce self-organization in the dynamically set virtual organization using it. Proactive documents exchanged as standard MIME attachments enable any type of working content with reduced workload and improved work performance, without any substantial investment in the job resources already available in the workplace. Moreover, they enable smooth incorporation of email-based collaboration in a solution that pushes the boundaries of building overall intelligence and enhanced cognition across the cloud-edge continuum.
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