The circumstances of passengers’ decisions and behaviours concerning non-commute urban travels in Eastern Europe is not well-studied; most of the studies on this topic was done on Western societies. This paper presents the results of a study on Cracow, Poland. This study is based on a survey in two neighbourhoods of different urban forms in Cracow, one with central structure with compact land use and the other a representative of socialist urban form with big residential blocks and no central local places. The survey was carried out from January to February 2019 with 426 inhabitants. The results of the Ordinary Least Square models reveal that age, daily activity, the place of shopping, frequency of shopping in the vicinity of homes, and frequency shopping activities outside in farther places are significantly correlated with the frequency of non-work trips in Cracow. The sprawled decentral district produces a high correlation between shopping trips outside the district and the overall nonwork trip frequency, referring to the failure of the socialist urban form to keep non-work trips inside the districts by the presence of local facilities like shops and retail. It is discussed in this paper that such correlations may be very much context-specific, as there are some differences between the findings of this paper and those of international findings in high-income and developing countries.
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Silver diffused into microscope slides made of an AgNO3/NaNO3 alloy. Surface plasmon resonance of the Ag nanoparticle was analyzed by optical spectroscopy. The mechanism of silver crystal growth was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with X-ray energy diffraction (EDS) technique. The evolution of local surface plasmon resonance was studied by UV-VIS spectroscopy. Samples were also analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ellipsometry.
PL
Srebro dyfundowało do szkiełek mikroskopowych ze stopu AgNO3/NaNO3. Powierzchniowy rezonans plazmonowy nanocząstki Ag analizowano za pomocą spektroskopii optycznej. Mechanizm wzrostu kryształów srebra analizowano za pomocą skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej (SEM) wyposażonej w technikę dyfrakcji energii rentgenowskiej (EDS). Ewolucję lokalnego rezonansu plazmonowego powierzchni badano za pomocą spektroskopii UV-VIS. Próbki analizowano również za pomocą rentgenowskiej spektroskopii fotoelektronowej (XPS) i elipsometrii.
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