Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

The impact of vehicle dynamic parameters on the exhaust emissions in RDE tests

Pielecha J., Kurtyka K., Skobiej K.

Combustion Engines

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2018

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R. 57, nr 4

26--34

EN

The article compares driving test data using the latest legislative proposals applicable to passenger cars with different drives. For this purpose, cars of one type were selected, meeting the same exhaust toxicity standard (Euro 6c) and differing in used internal combustion engines (with spark-ignition, compression-ignition and hybrid drive). Several measurements were performed on the same test route in accordance with the RDE test guidelines, which requires a several of criteria to be met. These criteria include the length of the measuring sections, their overall timeshare and the dynamic characteristics of the drive. A portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) was used to record the engine and vehicle operating parameters and to measure the exhaust emissions during tests. This allowed for the monitoring of parameters such as: load value, engine speed and vehicle velocity. Then the obtained results were analyzed for their compatibility with the RDE procedure requirements. By determining the road emission of individual harmful compounds for all vehicles and the dynamic parameters of drive (relative positive acceleration and product of speed and positive acceleration) in various phases of the road test it was possible to compare them. On this basis, the impact of dynamic conditions of road tests on the obtained results of the road exhaust emission of harmful compounds for passenger cars with various drives was defined.

2

Observations from PEMS testing of combustion engines of different applications

Merkisz J., Pielecha J.

Combustion Engines

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2018

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R. 57, nr 3

40--55

EN

The article compares data obtained in road tests with the latest legislative proposals relating to various applications of internal combustion engines. Passenger car emission tests have been performed several times on the same test route in accordance with the RDE procedure guidelines, for which a dozen or so criteria must be met, including the distance of each of the drive sections, their in the drive time and the dynamic characteristics of the drive. The analysis was also based on a two-dimensional operating density characterization, presented in the vehicle speed-acceleration coordinates. As a result, it was possible to compare dynamic properties, operating time density and, thus, to check the validity of conducted drive tests in terms of their feasibility and emission values. An exhaust emission related comparison of three types of powertrain have been presented: gasoline, diesel and hybrid in the RDE tests. The authors proposed a new form of presenting the road exhaust emissions results in relation to the carbon dioxide emission, referred to as a standardization of the emission results. The exhaust emissions from city buses fitted with different powertrains tested on an actual bus route and in the SORT test were also compared.

3

Evaluation of the test drive cycle conditions impact on exhaust emissions from an internal combustion engine

Andrych-Zalewska M., Chłopek Z., Merkisz J., Pielecha J.

Combustion Engines

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2018

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R. 57, nr 4

3--9

EN

Test results of exhaust emission sensitivity to engine operating conditions from a vehicle with a compression ignition engine have been analyzed. These results were determined in driving tests: NEDC (New European Driving Cycle), RDE (Real Driving Emissions) and Malta, an original drive cycle developed at Poznan University of Technology. The tests in the NEDC and Malta cycles were carried out on the engine dynamometer in driving tests simulation conditions, while the RDE test was carried out in the real conditions of passenger car traffic. The mean exhaust emission test results of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide as well as the mean particle number in individual tests have been provided. A high sensitivity of the tested emission values to the changes in engine's operating conditions was found, both for static and dynamic conditions. The strongest impact of engine operating conditions was found for hydrocarbons emissions and the number of particles, followed by carbon monoxide, a smaller impact was found for nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide. The largest differences in the values characterizing exhaust emissions were found for the NEDC test, which differed the most in dynamic engine operating conditions from other tests that closer resemble real driving conditions of vehicles.

4

Evaluation of the impact of oil presence in the aviation fuel on particle size distribution

Jasiński R., Pielecha J.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2017

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z. 94

57--64

EN

Emissions from aircraft engines represent a highly complex and important issue, which is related to the risk to human health. Particles emitted in urban areas and in the vicinity of airports affect air quality and have a particularly negative impact on airport workers. The development of measurement techniques and the methodology for evaluating exhaust emissions have allowed for the elaboration of appropriate procedures for the certification of aircraft and the enhancement of existing standards. Particulate matter emissions depend, among other things, on the composition of the fuel used and its additives. Some aircraft engine designs require a fuel additive in the form of oil, which ensures the proper operation of the fuel supply system. This article presents the results of studies conducted on jet engines powered by clean aviation fuel and fuel with the addition of oil. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of oil on the size distribution and concentration of emitted particles. It was found that, for small values of thrust, oil additive increases the concentration of particles. With an increase in the thrust force, the reduction of particles concentration was recorded in the case of the engine powered by fuel with oil additive. There was no significant effect of oil additive on the size distribution of emitted particles.

5

The emissivity of the turbine engine powered by biofuel

Pielecha J., Jasiński R., Markowski J.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Rzeszowskiej. Mechanika

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2017

|

z. 89 [295], nr 1

85--98

EN

Air transport is the youngest and most dynamically developing branch of transport. Growth in demand for air transport, both passenger and freight, is caused by the competitiveness of this branch primarily in terms of time and transport safety. An increase in the volume of air traffic is associated with increased emissions, which is particularly important in the case of aircraft operations in the areas of airports. The main reason for the development of aircraft engines is the reduction of fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. Emission standards for aircraft engines certification marginally treat the issue of particulate matter emissions, which is associated with deterioration of visibility appearing as smog and contributes to lung and heart diseases. One of the solutions for limiting the negative impact of the aircraft on the environment is the use of alternative fuels. Production of biofuels in accordance with the principles of sustainable development, is an attractive alternative, especially because of the lack of space constraints of their production allows the geographical diversification of supply. The article presents the measurements results of jet engine GTM-120 exhaust emissions. The test engine was powered with Jet A-1 fuel with 50-percent addition of bioester. During the test concentration of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and particulate matter was measured. On the basis of the measurements, the effect of the use of biofuel on emissions was presented.

PL

Transport lotniczy jest najmłodszą i najbardziej dynamicznie rozwijająca się gałęzią transportu. Wzrost zapotrzebowania na przewozy drogą lotniczą, zarówno pasażerskie i towarowe wynika głównie z krótkiego czasu transportu oraz bezpieczeństwa. Wzrost wolumenu transportowego związany jest ze wzrostem emisji związków szkodliwych spalin, co jest szczególnie istotne w kontekście emisji na terenie lotnisk oraz obszarach do nich przyległych. Głównym celem rozwoju konstrukcji silników lotniczych jest zmniejszenie zużycia paliwa i redukcja emisji związków toksycznych. Procedury certyfikacyjne dla silników odrzutowych marginalnie traktują zagadnienie cząstek stałych, które są powodem pogorszenia widzialności oraz chorób płuc i serca. Jednym z rozwiązań ograniczających wpływ transportu lotniczego na środowisko jest stosowanie paliw alternatywnych. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów emisji związków szkodliwych silnia odrzutowego GTM-120. Badany silni zasilany był paliwem Jet A-1 oraz mieszanką nafty lotniczej z biopaliwem. Podczas badań zmierzono wartości stężenia tlenku węgla, węglowodorów oraz cząstek stałych. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań przedstawiono wpływ zastosowania biopaliwa na emisję związków szkodliwych.

6

Charakterystyka systemów oczyszczania spalin w pomocniczych silnikach okrętowych

Pielecha J., Rymaniak Ł., Brzeziński Ł.

TTS Technika Transportu Szynowego

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2017

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R. 24, nr 12

265--269, CD

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano podstawowe charakterystyki systemów oczyszczania spalin przeznaczone do pomocniczych silników okrętowych o zapłonie samoczynnym. W związku z wprowadzaniem norm dotyczących ochrony środowiska, również tego typu silniki coraz częściej są wyposażane w systemy zmniejszające emisję zanieczyszczeń. Główny nacisk położony jest na zmniejszenie emisji tlenków azotu, a zastosowane metody selektywnej redukcji katalitycznej pozwalają na zmniejszenie jej o ponad 90%, co w konsekwencji skutkuje spełnieniem bardzo restrykcyjnych norm emisji spalin w strefach, w których ta emisja jest kontrolowana.

EN

The article presents basic characteristics of exhaust aftertreatment systems designed for auxiliary marine diesel engines. Due to the introduction of environmental standards, such engines are increasingly more often equipped with emission reduction systems. Emphasis is placed on the reduction of nitrogen oxide emissions, and selective catalytic reduction methods enable a re-duction of more than 90%, which allow such systems to meet very strict emission standards in the areas where this emission is limited.

7

Ocena emisji spalin pojazdów kategorii Euro 6 w testach drogowych

Merkisz J., Pielecha J., Jasiński R.

Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Transport

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2017

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z. 115

131--144

PL

Nowe procedury badawcze wyznaczania emisji drogowej zanieczyszczeń spalin dla pojazdów osobowych mają wejść w życie w 2017 roku. Od kilku lat Komisja Europejska zajmuje się opracowaniem nowych procedur, których celem jest wykonywanie badań w warunkach drogowych. Ma to na celu określenie rzeczywistych wartości emisji spalin, co nie zawsze odzwierciedla poziom emisji spalin w warunkach laboratoryjnych. Dokładne procedury badawcze emisji zanieczyszczeń w rzeczywistych warunkach ruchu (RDE - Real Driving Emission) nie zostały jeszcze uchwalone (w odróżnieniu do pojazdów ciężarowych, dla których takie uwarunkowania już funkcjonują), jednakże istnieją propozycje, które obecnie są analizowane przez główne ośrodki badawcze w Europie. Propozycje te różnią się między sobą, m.in. sposobem wyznaczania emisji drogowej zanieczyszczeń, oraz metodyką badań uwzględniającą np. pomiar emisji drogowej węglowodorów. W artykule porównano wyniki emisji spalin uzyskiwane w testach drogowych z wykorzystaniem najnowszych propozycji legislacyjnych odnoszących się do samochodów osobowych. Uzyskane wyniki przedstawiono w odniesieniu do następujących metod pomiarowych: metoda klasyczna wyznaczania emisji drogowej związków szkodliwych - wykorzystuje się wszystkie dane pomiarowe wyznaczając masę związków szkodliwych i przebytą drogę podczas testu; metoda uśredniania okien pomiarowych (MAV - moving average windows), zwana również w literaturze metodą EMROAD, w której wyznacza się okna pomiarowe (na podstawie danych o emisji dwutlenku węgla z testu WLTC) i na ich podstawie wyznacza się emisję drogową w teście RDE; metoda kategoryzacji mocy (Power Binning), zwana w literaturze jako CLEAR - Classification of Emissions from Automobiles in Real driving, wyznacza się emisję spalin na podstawie kategoryzacji mocy podczas testu RDE.

EN

New test procedures for determining exhaust emission from passenger vehicles will be introduced in 2017. For several years, the European Commission has been developing new procedures, which aim is to perform tests in road conditions. The purpose is to determine the real value of emissions, which are not always reflected by the level of emissions obtained in the laboratory. Proper and accurate procedures for determining emissions in real traffic conditions (RDE - Real Driving Emission) have not yet been approved (as opposed to Heavy-Duty Vehicles for which such conditions already exist), but there are proposals that are currently being analyzed by major research centers in Europe. There are many differences between those proposals such as determining road emission or research methodology related to emission measurement of hydrocarbons. The work compares the results of emissions measured in road tests using the latest legislative proposals related to passenger cars. The results are shown in relation to the used measurement method: classic method of determining exhaust emission; uses all measurement data determining the mass of harmful compounds and distance traveled during the test; method of averaging the measuring windows (MAV -moving average windows), also in the literature called EMROAD method, which determines the measurement windows (on the basis of carbon dioxide emissions from the WLTC test) and on its basis determines the road emission in RDE test; generalized method of instantaneous power (Power Binning), known in the literature as CLEAR - Classification of Emissions from Automobiles in Real driving, determines road emissions on the basis of generalized instantaneous power during the RDE test.

8

Analiza parametrów operacyjnych silnika i emisji spalin ciągnika rolniczego podczas pracy na hamowni

Merkisz J., Pielecha J., Jasiński R.

Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Transport

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2017

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z. 115

145--159

PL

Na początku XXI wieku jednym z ważniejszych wyzwań ludzkości jest ograniczenie negatywnych skutków rozwoju cywilizacyjnego. Oprócz silników wykorzystywanych w pojazdach drogowych liczną grupę stanowią silniki o zastosowaniach pozadrogowych. Do tej grupy należą silniki napędzające pojazdy samojezdne nieporuszające się po drogach NRMM (Non-Road Mobile Machinery). Silniki tych pojazdów, spośród wszystkich o zastosowaniach pozadrogowych, charakteryzują się specyficznymi warunkami pracy, które nie pozwalają zakwalifikować ich do silników trakcyjnych. Głównym problemem w odniesieniu do tych pojazdów jest emisja cząstek stałych i tlenków azotu. W pracy dokonano analizy parametrów operacyjnych silnika i emisji spalin ciągnika rolniczego podczas pracy na hamowni. Wykonano badania ciągnika rolniczego, polegające na pomiarach parametrów pracy silnika i stężeniu związków szkodliwych w spalinach. Uzyskano informacje o parametrach operacyjnych silnika i natężeniu emisji zanieczyszczeń podczas badań na hamowni. Dokonano analizy porównawczej parametrów operacyjnych silnika uzyskanych z systemu diagnostycznego oraz pomiarów bezpośrednich na hamowni oraz wykonano korekcję momentu obrotowego odczytywanego z systemu informatycznego silnika. W efekcie wyznaczono wartości emisji jednostkowej zanieczyszczeń podczas badań silnika w warunkach zmiennego obciążenia.

EN

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, one of the major challenges of humanity was to reduce the negative effects of civilization development. Besides the engines used in road vehicles there is a large group of engines for non-road applications. This group includes motor propelled vehicles not used on the road NRMM (Non-Road Mobile Machinery). Engines of these vehicles, among all of the non-road applications, are characterized by very specific working conditions that do not allow for them to be qualified for propulsion engines. The main problem with these vehicles is the particulate matter and nitrogen oxides emission. The paper presents an analysis of the operating parameters of an engine and exhaust emissions of a tractor operating on a chassis dynamometer. Studies of the tractor involved measurements of engine operating parameters and the concentration of harmful substances in the exhaust gases. Information about the parameters of the engine and the intensity of emissions were obtained during the dynamometer test. The study included a comparative analysis of the operating parameters of the engine obtained from the diagnostic system and direct measurements on a chassis dynamometer and a correction of the torque obtained from the vehicle computer system was made. As a result, values of specific emission during engine tests under varying values of load were determined.

9

The influence of diesel oil improvers on indices of atomisation and combustion in high-efficiency engines

Pielecha I., Pielecha J., Skowron M., Mazanek A.

Polish Maritime Research

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2017

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nr 3

99--105

EN

The process of fuel combustion in a diesel engine is determined by factors existing during liquid fuel injection and atomisation. The physicochemical properties of the fuel to a large extent decide upon the quality of this phase of cylinder fuelling. So it is important to ensure appropriate properties of a fuel affecting its atomisation and, as a result, combustion. The paper deals with the topic of diesel oil improvers and the analysis of their influence on atomisation and combustion indices. In the studies base diesel oil and a diesel fuel improved by a package of additives, were used. The process of conventional and improved fuel injection was analysed by using optical examinations. The amount of released heat was evaluated during the studies carried out on combustion. Significant aspects of the applied improvers in relation to fuel injection and its combustion have been indicated.

10

Particulate matter emission from dual fuel diesel engine fuelled with natural gas

Stelmasiak Z., Larisch J., Pielecha J., Pietras D.

Polish Maritime Research

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2017

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nr 2

96--104

EN

The paper presents the results of examination of particulate matter emission from the Diesel engine FPT 1.3 MJT simultaneously fuelled with diesel oil and natural gas CNG. The basic premise for engine adaptation was the addition of a small amount of CNG to reduce exhaust gas opacity and particulate matter emission. At this assumption, diesel oil remained the basic fuel, with contribution amounting to 0,70-0,85 of total energy delivered to the engine. The dual fuel engine was examined using an original controller installed in the Diesel engine FPT 1.3 MJT which controlled the diesel fuel dose. The dose of the injected natural gas was controlled by changing the opening time of gas injectors at constant pressure in the gas collector. The examined issues included the exhaust gas opacity, and the total number and fractional distribution of the emitted particles. The measurements were performed at twenty selected measuring points corresponding to the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) test. The performed tests have demonstrated a positive effect of gas addition on exhaust gas opacity and particulate matter emission. Depending on test conditions, the exhaust gas opacity was reduced by 10÷92%, and the total number of particles by 30÷40%. The performed tests have revealed that a small addition of gas can reduce the load of the DPF filter, extend its lifetime, and increase engine reliability. Longer time intervals between successive DPF filter regenerations improve ecological properties of the engine.

11

Selected problems of real driving emissions measurement

Merkisz J., Pielecha J.

Journal of KONES

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2017

|

Vol. 24, No. 3

189--196

EN

The article compares driving test data using the latest legislative proposals applicable to passenger cars. Real Driving Emissions procedures have been introduced in the Commission Regulation (EU) 2016/427. Currently, quantitative RDE requirements have been established to limit emissions from exhaust systems in all operating conditions in accordance with the road emission limits set out in Regulation (EC) No. 715/2007. Several measurements were performed on the same test route in accordance with the RDE test guidelines, which requires a number of criteria to be met. These criteria include the length of the measuring segments, their overall test timeshare, and the dynamic characteristics of the drive. A mobile device for reading the EOBD System information was used to record the engine and vehicle operating parameters during tests. This allowed for the monitoring of parameters such as: load value, engine speed and vehicle velocity. The obtained results were then analysed for their compatibility with the RDE procedure requirements. Despite the same research route, the obtained results were not the same. The analysis also uses the two-dimensional operating time-share characteristics expressed in vehicle velocity and acceleration co-ordinates. As a result, it was possible to compare the dynamic properties, share of operating time and, consequently, to check the validity of conducted drive tests in terms of their practicability and emission values.

12

Wpływ katalizatora wewnętrznego na emisję związków szkodliwych podczas rozruchu silnika spalinowego

Pielecha J., Dobrzyński M., Andrych-Zalewska M.

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

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2017

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R. 18, nr 12

359--363, CD

PL

W artykule omówiono zastosowanie katalizatora wewnętrznego, pozwalającego na zmniejszenie emisji związków szkodliwych podczas rozruchu silnika spalinowego o zapłonie samoczynnym. Jest to rodzaj systemu oczyszczania spalin - jednakże jego umieszczenie w komorze spalania - a więc najbliżej procesu spalania, pozwala na zmniejszenie zanieczyszczeń u źródła (katalizator został napylony na świece żarowe). Takie postępowanie jest niezbędne, gdyż zmniejszenie zanieczyszczeń z pojazdów jest kluczowym aspektem ograniczania negatywnego oddziaływania transportu na środowisko naturalne. Zaprezentowane wyniki badań podczas rozruchu są częścią prac badawczych nad oceną katalizatora wewnętrznego w różnych warunkach pracy silnika - począwszy od badań statycznych (na hamowni silnikowej), poprzez badania na hamowni dynamicznej, a kończąc na badaniach pojazdów w testach drogowych. Zastosowanie katalizatora wewnętrznego podczas rozruchu silnika, dla którego zmieniano czas grzania świec żarowych, skutkuje kilkuprocentowym zmniejszeniem masy tlenku węgla, węglowodorów, dwutlenku węgla oraz liczby cząstek stałych w rozpatrywanym okresie pomiarowym. Zastosowanie takiego rozwiązania, technicznie możliwego do wprowadzenia w większości pojazdów z silnikami ZS, skutkowałoby mniejszą emisją zanieczyszczeń.

EN

This article discusses the use of an in-cylinder catalyst to reduce exhaust emissions during a diesel engine startup. This is a type of harmful compounds reduction system - however, its placement inside the combustion chamber - and therefore as close as possible to where the combustion process takes place - reduces the creation of polluting compounds at their source (the catalyst is sprayed on the glow plugs). Such solutions are necessary as the reduction of vehicle pollution is a key aspect of reducing the negative environmental impact of transport. The presented results of the engine startup research are a part of the research work on the effects of applying an internal catalytic converter in various engine operating conditions - from static tests (on an engine dynamometer) through dynamic dynamometer tests to vehicle road tests. The use of an internal catalytic converter during engine startup, for which the heating time of the glow plugs has been changed, results in a several percent reduction in the mass of emitted carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide and particle number in the measurement period. The implementation of this solution is technically feasible for most vehicles with compression ignition engines, and would result in reduced vehicle emissions.

13

Nowe ujęcie testów toksyczności spalin autobusów miejskich

Merkisz J., Rymaniak Ł., Pielecha J., Fuć P.

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

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2017

|

R. 18, nr 12

281--286, CD

PL

W artykule omówiono nowe ujęcie testów toksyczności spalin autobusów miejskich. Zaprezentowano testy odnoszące się do oceny zużycia paliwa przez autobusy, które dodatkowo wykorzystano do wyznaczenia ich wskaźników ekologicznych. Przeanalizowano zunifikowane testy badawcze pod kątem udziału czasu pracy pojazdu i silnika, a zastosowany aparat matematyczny pozwolił na weryfikację udziału czasu ich pracy w odniesieniu do rzeczywistych warunków występujących podczas eksploatacji na liniach miejskich. Nowością w proponowanej analizie jest wyodrębnienie postoju pojazdu oraz biegu jałowego silnika na charakterystyce ich pracy. Jest to nowatorskie podejście pozwalające na rozróżnienie tych stanów pracy pojazdu (lub silnika) oraz porównanie ich z rzeczywistymi warunkami ruchu. Takie ujęcie testów umożliwia porównanie emisji spalin w odniesieniu do szczególnych warunków pracy różnego rodzaju układów napędowych stosowanych w autobusach miejskich.

EN

The article discusses a new approach to urban buses exhaust emission tests. Tests related to the fuel consumption assessment of urban buses were presented, which were additionally used to determine the vehicles environmental indicators. Unified testing procedures have been analyzed in terms of vehicle and engine operating time density, and a mathematical apparatus was used to verify the proportion of their operating time relative to the actual operating conditions of urban buses on city bus lines. The novelty of the proposed analysis lies in isolating the vehicle stop and engine idling time on their operating characteristics. This is a new approach, that allows to distinguish between these vehicle (or engine) operating states, and compare them with the actual driving conditions. This new approach also allows for making a comparison of exhaust emissions with regard to the specific operating conditions of various types of drive systems used in urban buses.

14

Aspekty ekologiczne zastosowania pojazdów szynowo-drogowych w pracach manewrowych

Pielecha J., Merkisz-Guranowska A., Andrzejewski M., Daszkiewicz P., Stawecka H.

Pojazdy Szynowe

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2016

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Nr 1

1--8

PL

W artykule dokonano oceny korzystności zastosowania pojazdów szynowo-drogowych w prowadzeniu prac manewrowych na torach, zamiast stosowanych powszechnie, spalinowych lokomotyw manewrowych. Skupiono się głównie na aspektach ekologicznych – emisji toksycznych substancji w spalinach. Przedstawiono w nim mię- dzy innymi przykładowe wyniki badań emisji zanieczyszczeń z wybranych pojazdów transportu masowego, użytkowanych na polskich liniach kolejowych. W celu dokonania analizy uciążliwości środowiskowej tych pojazdów wykonano pomiary toksyczności spalin w warunkach testu badawczego (ISO 8178-F) oraz, co jest znacznie istotniejsze, podczas rzeczywistego użytkowania pojazdów – przy wykorzystaniu mobilnej aparatury naukowo-badawczej.

EN

The article assesses the advantages of utilizing road-rail vehicle in shunting operations on the tracks, instead of the commonly used shunting locomotives powered with a combustion engine. Ecological aspects were the main focus - the emission of toxic substances in exhaust gases. It presents, among others, an example of the emission results of pollutants from selected mass transit vehicles, operated on Polish railway lines. In order to analyze the environmental impact of these vehicles exhaust emissions measurements were performed in certification test conditions (ISO 8178-F) and, what is much more important, also the emissions during actual vehicle operation - using mobile measuring equipment.

15

The possibilities of conversion of pollution emission values from combustion engines in heavy-duty vehicles

Merkisz J., Pielecha J.

Journal of Polish CIMEEAC

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2016

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Vol. 11, no 1

139--150

EN

The use of internal combustion engines as the drive for heavy-duty vehicles (with an unladen weight of over 3500 kg) forces these engines to be tested on an engine dynamometer. Thus, these engines operate under forced conditions, which are significantly different from their actual application. To assess the ecology of such vehicles (or more accurately the engine alone) the emission of pollution per unit of work done by the engine must be determined. However, obtaining the results of unit emissions (expressed in grams of the compound per a unit of performed work) does not give the grounds for determining the mass of pollutants on a given stretch of the road traveled by the vehicle. Therefore, there is a need to change the emission value expressed in units referenced to the engine work (g/kWh) into a value of road emissions (g/km). The paper presents a methodology of determining pollutant emissions of heavy-duty road vehicles on the basis of the unit emissions, as well as additional parameters determined on the basis of the algorithm presented in the article. A solution was obtained that can be used not only for heavy-duty vehicles, but was also extended to allow use for buses.

16

Exhaust emissions evaluation for multi-role fighter aircraft operation

Merkisz J., Markowski J., Pielecha J., Jasinski R., Wirkowski P., Slusarz G.

Journal of Polish CIMEEAC

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2016

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Vol. 11, no 1

117--130

EN

Multi-role aircraft as a technical object of a certain functional purpose and operating characteristics resulting from its construction, affects the operating environment mechanically, as a source of disturbance of the medium in which it moves and chemically, by generating the emission of harmful substances resulting from the need to use consumable fuels. Operation of multi-role aircraft, in contrast to civil aircraft, is characterized by high volatility of flight data resulting from the diversity of performed tasks. Therefore it seems desirable to attempt the ecological evaluation of the drive in terms of emissions on the basis of a dedicated test for a particular group of aircraft. An attempt at such an assessment is presented in this article.

17

Assessment of methanol properties as an energy source for powering transport vehicles

Markowski J., Pielecha J., Jasiński R., Dudek M., Mądry J.

Journal of Polish CIMEEAC

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2016

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Vol. 11, no 1

131--137

EN

Legislative activity in the field of environmental protection from harmful factors resulting from the use of various types of transport functions is aimed at reducing exhaust gas emissions among other things. This activity is to stimulate the development of transport drive systems by introducing emission limits of harmful substances in exhaust gases. These restrictions are contained within the relevant legal acts dedicated to each different mode of transport. Gradual reduction of limit values for emission standards has led the industry to change the systems generating energy used to propel their vehicles. These activities are related to the wider electrification of drive systems, which use the latest electric solutions controlled with modern electronic systems. However, the difficult problem of the energy sources and storage still remains. The article describes considerations relating to the possible use of methanol as an energy source for modern vehicles.

18

The assessment of oil additive impact on the particulate matter emissions of jet engine

Pielecha J., Jasiński R.

Journal of Mechanical and Transport Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 68, No. 3

29--38

EN

Particulate matter emissions from aircraft engines is the issue increasingly discussed among researchers active in the field of ecology of aviation. This fact is mainly caused by negative effects of particulate matter on human health and the latest research results, which indicate that the particle matter emitted from aircraft engines are characterized by very small dimensions. The article presents the results of studies conducted to determine the effect of oil additive to fuel on particle matter size distribution. It was found that the addition of oil reduces the concentration of PN with the increase of thrust of the jet engine. There was no significant effect of oil additive on the size distribution of particles.

PL

Emisja cząstek stałych z silników lotniczych jest zagadnieniem coraz częściej poruszanym wśród naukowców prowadzących badania w zakresie emisji związków szkodliwych z silników lotniczych. W głównej mierze spowodowane jest to faktem, że cząstki stałe emitowane z silników odrzutowych charakteryzują się bardzo małymi rozmiarami, co czyni je szczególnie niebezpiecznymi dla zdrowia człowieka. W artykule przedstawiono badania mające na celu ocenę wpływu dodatku oleju do paliwa lotniczego na emisję cząstek stałych. Stwierdzono, że dodatek oleju powoduje zmniejszenie stężenia liczby cząstek stałych wraz ze wzrostem siły ciągu silnika turbinowego. Nie stwierdzono istotnego wpływu dodatku oleju na rozkład wymiarowy emitowanych cząstek stałych.

19

The impact of operating parameters of tractor's engine on exhaust emissions

Merkisz J., Pielecha J., Jasiński R.

Journal of KONES

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2016

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Vol. 23, No. 4

339--350

EN

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, one of the major challenges of humanity was to reduce the negative effects of civilization development. Besides the engines used in road vehicles there is a large group of engines for non-road applications. This group includes motor propelled vehicles not used on the road NRMM (Non-Road Mobile Machinery). Engines of these vehicles, among all of the non-road applications, are characterized by very specific working conditions that do not allow them to be qualified for propulsion engines. The main problem with these vehicles is the particulate matter and nitrogen oxides emission. The paper presents an analysis of the operating parameters of an engine and exhaust emissions of a tractor operating on a chassis dynamometer. Studies of the tractor involved measurements of engine operating parameters and the concentration of harmful substances in the exhaust gases. Information about the parameters of the engine and the intensity of emissions were obtained during the dynamometer test. The study included a comparative analysis of the operating parameters of the engine obtained from the diagnostic system and direct measurements on a chassis dynamometer and a correction of the torque obtained from the vehicle computer system was made. As a result, values of specific emission during engine tests under varying values of load were determined.

20

Selected remarks about RDE test

Merkisz J., Pielecha J.

Combustion Engines

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2016

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R. 55, nr 3

54--61

EN

New test procedures for determining exhaust emission from passenger vehicles will be introduced in 2017. For several years, the European Commission has been developing new procedures, which aim is to perform tests in road conditions. The purpose is to determine the real values of emissions, which are not always reflected by the level of emissions obtained in the laboratory. Proper and accurate procedures for determining emissions in real traffic conditions (RDE – Real Driving Emission) have not yet been approved (as opposed to Heavy Duty Vehicles for which such conditions already exist), but there are proposals that are currently being analyzed by major research centers in Europe. There are many differences between those proposals such as determining road emission or research methodology related to emission measurement of hydrocarbons. The work compares the results of emissions measured in road tests using the latest legislative proposals related to passenger cars. The results are shown in relation to the used measurement method: classic method of determining exhaust emission; uses all measurement data determining the mass of harmful compounds and distance travelled during the test; method of averaging the measuring windows (MAW – moving average windows), also in the literature called EMROAD method, which determines the measurement windows (on the basis of carbon dioxide emissions from the WLTC test) and on its basis determines the road emission in RDE test; generalized method of instantaneous power (Power Binning), known in the literature as CLEAR – Classification of Emissions from Automobiles in Real driving, determines road emissions on the basis of generalized instantaneous power during the RDE test.