Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Apparatus “Spark” for luminescent and electrochemiluminescent measurements

Snizhko D. V., Bani-Khaled G., Muzyka K., Xu G.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2018

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R. 94, nr 6

38--42

EN

The article is devoted to the development of the apparatus “Spark” for integration a photodetector with a current output in a measurement system. Developed apparatus “Spark” includes a current-to-voltage converter, an output filter, and a source of a high voltage, that are sufficient to combine a photomultiplier tube with a different analytical instrumentation. Use of apparatus “Spark” with electrochemical station CHI 800C CH Instrument and photomultiplier tube CR-105 by Hamamatsu Photonics is shown by over an electrochemiluminescent assay of a test solution.

PL

W artykule opisano urządzenie “Spark” przeznaczone do pomiarów luminescencji. Urządzenie wyposażone jest w fotodetektor przetwornik prąd-napię, filtr wyjściowy i źródło wysokiego napięcia do współpracy z fotopowielaczem.

2

Effect of Strain Rate on the Microstructure of Warm-Deformed Ultrafined Medium-Carbon Steel

Yuan Q., Xu G., Liu S., Liu M., Hu H.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2018

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Vol. 63, iss. 4

1805--1813

EN

In this study, medium-carbon steel was subjected to warm deformation experiments on a Gleeble 3500 thermosimulator machine at temperatures of 550°C and 650°C and strain rates of 0.001 s-1 to 1 s-1. The warm deformation behavior of martensite and the effects of strain rate on the microstructure of ultrafine grained medium-carbon steel were investigated. The precipitation behavior of Fe3C during deformation was analyzed and the results showed that recrystallization occurred at a low strain rate. The average ultrafine ferrite grains of 500 ± 58 nm were fabricated at 550°C and a strain rate of 0.001 s-1. In addition, the size of Fe3C particles in the ferrite grains did not show any apparent change, while that of the Fe3C particles at the grain boundaries was mainly affected by the deformation temperature. The size of Fe3C particles increased with the increasing deformation temperature, while the strain rate had no significant effect on Fe3C particles. Moreover, the grain size of recrystallized ferrite decreased with an increase in the strain rate. The effects of the strain rate on the grain size of recrystallized ferrite depended on the deformation temperature and the strain rate had a prominent effect on the grain size at 550°C deformation temperature. Finally, the deformation resistance apparently decreased at 550°C and strain rate of 1 s-1 due to the maximum adiabatic heating in the material.

3

Combined Influence of Silicon Content and Oxygen Concentration on the Oxidation Process of Silicon-Containing Steels

Yuan Q., Xu G., Zhou M., He B., Hu H.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2018

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Vol. 63, iss. 1

445--450

EN

The combined influence of silicon content and oxygen concentration on silicon-containing steels was investigated, via a heating route similar to that applied in the industrial reheating process, using a Simultaneous Thermal Analyzer (STA). Four different oxygen concentrations and three different isothermal holding times were designed. The results show that the effect of silicon on the mass gain depends on the oxygen concentration and the oxidation time. The mass gain of low-silicon steel is greater than that of high-silicon steel at 1260°C in the oxygen concentrations of 1.0 vol.% and 2.0 vol.%, even when the isothermal holding time is 90 minutes. However, there is a critical time point for mass gain in oxygen concentrations ≥3.0 vol.%. The mass gain of lowsilicon steel is greater before and smaller after this critical point. The critical time is deferred with decreasing oxygen concentration.

4

Dispersion features of transmitted channel waves and inversion of coal seam thickness

Hu Z., Zhang P., Xu G.

Acta Geophysica

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2018

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Vol. 66, no. 5

1001--1009

EN

In-seam seismic survey currently is a hot geophysical exploration technology used for the prediction of coal seam thickness in China. Many studies have investigated the relationship between the group velocity of channel wave at certain frequency and the actual thickness of exposed coal beds. But these results are based on statistics and not universally applicable to predict the thickness of coal seams. In this study, we first theoretically analyzed the relationship between the depth and energy distribution of multi-order Love-type channel waves and found that when the channel wave wavelength is smaller than the thickness of the coal seam, the energy is more concentrated, while when the wavelength is greater than the thickness, the energy reduces linearly. We then utilized the numerical simulation technology to obtain the signal of the simulated Love-type channel wave, analyzed its frequency dispersion, and calculated the theoretical dispersion curves. The results showed that the dispersion characteristics of the channel wave are closely related to the thickness of coal seam, and the shear wave velocity of the coal seam and its surrounding rocks. In addition, we for the first time realized the joint inversion of multi-order Love-type channel waves based on the genetic algorithm and inversely calculated the velocities of shear wave in both coal seam and its surrounding rocks and the thickness of the coal seam. In addition, we found the group velocity dispersion curve of the single-channel transmitted channel wave using the time–frequency analysis and obtained the phase velocity dispersion curve based on the mathematical relationship between the group and phase velocities. Moreover, we employed the phase velocity dispersion curve to complete the inversion of the above method and obtain the predicted coal seam thickness. By comparing the geological sketch of the coal mining face, we found that the predicted coal seam thickness is in good agreement with the actual thickness. Overall, adopting the channel wave inversion method that creatively uses the complete dispersion curve can obtain the shear wave velocities of the coal and its surrounding rocks, and analyzing the depth of the abruptly changed shear wave velocity can accurately obtain the thickness of the coal seam. Therefore, our study proved that this inversion method is feasible to be used in both simulation experiments and actual detection.

5

Significance of Stump-Sprouting for the Population Size Structure and Spatial Distribution Patterns of Endangered Species, Magnolia cylindrical

Li J., Wu Y., Wu T., Cao L., Chen J., Qiu Z., Zhang Y., Xu G., Zhang J., Liu P.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 2

247--257

EN

Magnolia cylindrica Wils. is one of the third most-protected wild plants in China. To describe the size structure and dynamics of its population, field data were obtained from eight newly established sites, using a contiguous grid quadrate method in Jiulong Mountain of East China. The population size structure and spatial distribution pattern were discussed based on a theoretical distribution model and assembling intensity index. The population size structure showed a declining trend because of the lack of seedlings. The number of stump-sprouting, size class III (sapling trees) individuals was large enough to make up for the shortage of small seedlings and the complete regeneration of populations through sprouting. The distributions of M. cylindrica, both seedling populations (Group A) and overall populations (Group B), were mostly clumped. The spatial pattern intensities of the populations at different stages (mainly small trees, middle trees, and big trees) were higher for Group A than those for Group B. The two groups have the same tendency in that the pattern intensity declined from small trees to the larger ones. Group A and Group B differed in spatial pattern: small and middle trees were randomly distributed in seedling populations, but aggregated in overall populations. The populations of M. cylindrica (both group A and B) were characterized by the pattern scale between 16 to 32 m2, measured by Greig-Smith and Kershaw methods. These results suggest that sprouting should be seriously considered in population rehabilitation and forest tending management and the area of forest tending management should be close to the maximum intensity.

6

Non-uniform illumination correction based on the retinex theory in digital image correlation measurement method

Gu G., She B., Xu G., Xu X.

Optica Applicata

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2017

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Vol. 47, nr 2

199--208

EN

Digital image correlation is a well-known optical measurement method for full-field deformation and strain measurements. The quality of speckle images used in digital image correlation calculation can directly affect the measurement accuracy of digital image correlation. In most practical measurement circumstances, a uniform illumination environment is usually required to illuminate the detected object in order to capture speckle images upon different deformed states with uniform background intensity. However, the tested object becomes so large that the adopted light source cannot cover all the interested area with uniform illumination, and the speckle images acquired by CCD camera may have non-uniform background intensity distributions. In this paper, the influence of non-uniform illumination is first analyzed in detail by means of a comparison of experimental results of digital image correlation using speckle patterns with both uniform and non-uniform intensity distributions. Then, a new correctional method based on the combination of the basic retinex theory and the illumination formulae of a point light source is proposed. Finally, a real experiment with non-uniform illumination is implemented to verify the effectiveness of this method.

7

Thermal Decomposition Characteristics of Ammonium Nitrate(V) in the Presence of Mn2O3/Graphene Oxides

Xu Z., Xu G., Fu X., Wang Q.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2017

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Vol. 14, no. 3

636--659

EN

Nano-composites (Mn2O3, Mn2O3/graphene oxides (GO)) were prepared by a new method. The nano-composites were characterized by XRD and HRTEM. The catalytic performance of the nano-composites on the thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate(V) (AN) was investigated by TG-DSC and TG-MS. The reaction of AN with the nano-composites in the condensed phase was investigated by RSFTIR. The results of TG-DSC experiments indicated that the nano-composites significantly catalyze the thermal decomposition of AN, especial Mn2O3/GO. The exothermic reaction of AN with Mn2O3/GO commenced at about 185 °C. Based on the TG-MS results, it was ascribed to N2O formation. In the RSFTIR experiments, the dissociation reaction and ionization reaction of AN were both detected. NOx formation at low temperature was also found. NH2 was directly oxidized by HNO3/NO3− at low temperature. The interaction between Mn2O3 and NH3 was detected according to DRIFT experiments. At elevated temperature, the functional groups of GO are destroyed, which had an influence on the interaction between Mn2O3 and GO. A probable mechanism for the exothermic reaction and then its disappearance is proposed. HNO3 gas was absorbed on the surface of solid AN, which can markedly catalyze the thermal decomposition of AN. Perhaps the HNO3 plays a key role in the exothermic reaction and then the reaction of AN disappears at very low temperatures.

8

A reliability analysis method of cloud theory – Monte Carlo based on performance degradation data

Yang H., Xu G., Fan X.

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2015

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Vol. 17, no. 3

435--442

EN

Owing to inadequate degradation data, the randomness and the fuzziness of degradation processes, it is difficult to calculate the reliability of product. By investigating performance reliability using degradation data of performance, the authors proposed a method of analyzing reliability of performance degradation data using Monte Carlo principle and cloud theory. First of all, the performance degradation cloud with the degradation amount and the entropy which denotes the possible discrete degree of the degradation data, is generated by using performance degradation data and a cloud theory forward cloud generator. Then, the minimum membership threshold of cloud droplets and the threshold of product failure were set. Meanwhile, the number of cloud droplets that comply with the minimum membership degree and the failure threshold were counted. Finally, the reliability method of performance degradation data was proposed by using the principle of Monte Carlo and the cloud theory. In this work, the cloud theory was introduced to verify the reliability of the performance degradation of the product. The randomness and the fuzziness in the degradation tests are resolved. In addition, due to the limits of degradation test data, the difficulties in calculation of the reliability is resolved using the principle of Monte Carlo, the minimum membership of cloud droplets and its minimum degree are therefore guaranteed. This work provides a new method of simulating the reliability of degradation. The feasibility of the method was validated by an example ensuring a high durability of conveyor belt joints is tantamount to guaranteeing their reliable operation and that the results of research conducted so far fail to provide unambiguous solutions to a number of problems that emerge in this case, it is advisable that advanced studies using computer techniques should be conducted within this area.

PL

Ze względu na niewystarczające dane o degradacji oraz losowość i rozmycie procesów degradacji, obliczanie niezawodności produktu jest zadaniem trudnym. Chcąc badać niezawodność przy użyciu danych dotyczących obniżenia charakterystyk, autorzy zaproponowali metodę analizy danych o obniżeniu charakterystyk wykorzystującą zasady metody Monte Carlo oraz teorii chmury. Po pierwsze, wykorzystując dane o obniżeniu charakterystyk oraz progresywny generator chmur, wygenerowano chmurę obniżenia charakterystyk zawierającą dane na temat stopnia degradacji oraz stopnia entropii, która określa możliwy dyskretny stopień degradacji danych. Następnie, ustalono minimalny próg przynależności punktów chmury oraz próg uszkodzenia produktu. Policzono liczbę punktów chmury które spełniały warunek minimalnego stopnia przynależności oraz progu uszkodzenia. Wreszcie, zaproponowano metodę analizy niezawodnościowej danych o obniżeniu charakterystyk wykorzystującą zasady modelu Monte Carlo oraz teorii chmury. W pracy przedstawiono teorię chmury, która pozwala na weryfikację niezawodności danych of obniżeniu charakterystyk produktu. Rozwiązano w ten sposób problem losowości i rozmycia występujące w badaniach degradacji. Ponadto, przy użyciu metody Monte Carlo, rozwiązano trudności w obliczaniu niezawodności związane z ograniczeniami danych z badań degradacji, co zagwarantowało minimalną przynależność punktów chmury oraz minimalny stopień uszkodzenia. W prezentowanej pracy przedstawiono nową metodę symulacji niezawodności danych o degradacji. Poprawność przedstawionej metody zweryfikowano na podstawie przykładu. Zapewnienie wysokiej trwałości złączy taśmy przenośnikowej jest równoznaczne z zapewnieniem ich niezawodnej pracy, a ponieważ wyniki prowadzonych dotąd badań nie dostarczają jednoznacznych rozwiązań wielu wyłaniających się w tym przypadku problemów, wskazane jest prowadzenie w tym zakresie zaawansowanych badań z użyciem technik komputerowych.

9

Automatic calibration system for digital-display vibrometers based on machine vision

He W., Xu G., Rong Z., Li G., Liu M.

Metrology and Measurement Systems

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2014

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Vol. 21, nr 2

317--328

EN

Considering the low efficiency during the process of traditional calibration for digital-display vibrometers, an automatic calibration system for vibrometers based on machine vision is developed. First, an automatic vibration control system is established on the basis of a personal computer, and the output of a vibration exciter on which a digital-display vibrometer to be calibrated is installed, is automatically adjusted to vibrate at a preset vibration level and a preset frequency. Then the display of the vibrometer is captured by a digital camera and identified by means of image recognition. According to the vibration level of the exciter measured by a laser interferometer and the recognized display of the vibrometer, the properties of the vibrometer are calculated and output by the computer. Image recognition algorithms for the display of the vibrometer with a high recognition rate are presented, and the recognition for vibrating digits and alternating digits is especially analyzed in detail. Experimental results on the built-up system show that the prposed image recognition methods are very effective and the system could liberate operators from boring and intense calibration work for digital-display vibrometers.

10

Wear Measurement of the Vehicle Brake Shoe and Determination Method of the Optimal

Xu G., Li X., Su J., Chen R., Wang X.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2013

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R. 89, nr 2a

175--178

EN

Position for Inspection Wear measurement of a vehicle brake shoe is an effective way to enhance the vehicle safety. The continuous measurement problem of the abrasion loss of a brake shoe is solved by employing an electronic chip with series circuit. The quasi-linear solution is achieved by simulating the constructed model of the resistances distribution. Furthermore, the optimal location for the inspection is formulated by analyzing the brake kinematics. Simulations are performed on the representative conditions and agree to the experiments with an acceptable 0.1 V error.

PL

Pomiar zużycia szczęk hamulcowych ma istotne znaczenie dla bezpieczeństwa. Problem ciągłego pomiaru zużycia szczęk rozwiązano stosując odpowiedni czujnik. W artykule analizuje się tez optymalne położenie czujnika.

11

A Real-Valued Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Method Based on Subspace Approximation

Sun L., Wang H., Xu G.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2013

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R. 89, nr 3a

218--222

EN

In this paper, a completely real-valued approach for direction finding is developed. The proposed algorithm using high order powers of the sample covariance matrix to approximate the noise subspace in the real domain, so that the computational burden is substantially reduced and the number of incident sources is not required. Numerical simulation results demonstrate the satisfying performance of the proposed method under various scenarios with uncorrelated or pairwise correlated signals.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono metodę wyznaczania kierunku, której działanie opiera się na wyznaczaniu wysokich potęg macierzy kowariancji próbki, w celu aproksymacji podprzestrzeni zakłóceń w dziedzinie rzeczywistej. Pozwala to na redukcję obciążenia obliczeniowego. Nie jest wymagana informacja o ilości źródeł. Przedstawiono wyniki symulacji numerycznych, weryfikujące skuteczność proponowanej metody.

12

Synthesis and characterization of magnetite nanoparticles by a simple solvothermal method

Ou P., Xu G., Xu C., Zhang Y., Hou X., Han G.

Materials Science Poland

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2010

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Vol. 28, No. 4

817--822

EN

Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized via a simple solvothermal process and characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and physical property measurement system (PPMS). It was found that the diameters of as-synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles became larger as the reaction temperature increased, and the magnetic properties of these nanoparticles could change from ferrimagnetic to superparamagnetic with the decrease in particle size. A possible mechanism for the formation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles has also been proposed.

13

Room-temperature ferromagnetism in Fe-doped Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 crystals

Wang Y., Xu G., Yang L., Ren Z., Wei X., Weng W., Du P., Shen G., Shen G., Han G.

Materials Science Poland

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2009

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Vol. 27, No. 2

471--476

EN

Fe-doped Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 crystals were synthesized and studied by X-ray diffraction, X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and magnetic property measurement system. Room-temperature ferromagnetism was observed in Fe-doped Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 crystals. It was found that the magnetism of Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3crystals can be controlled by the Fe dopant concentration. The magnetism of the Fe-doped Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 crystals develops from diamagnetism to ferromagnetism and paramagnetism on increasing the Fe doping concentration from 0 to 10 mol %. The results presented in this study may provide new insights to the problem of synthesizing more single-phase multiferroic materials which will hopefully lead to rich and fascinating fundamental physics.

14

Enhancement of ferromagnetic properties in Ni-doped BiFeO3

Wang Y., Xu G., Yang L., Ren Z., Wei X., Weng W., Du P., Shen G., Han G

Materials Science Poland

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2009

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Vol. 27, No. 1

219--224

EN

Ni-doped BiFeO3 samples were successfully synthesized by a hydrothermal method. The as-prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). It was found that the magnetization can be controlled by the Ni doping concentration. The magnetization of Ni-doped BiFeO3 was greatly enhanced when the Ni doping concentration was 0.5%. Therefore, it would be interesting to fabricate thin films with similar composition and study their properties with the aim of identifying new device applications.

15

Synthesis and Magnetism of Ferromagnetically Coupled {Cu II 3 Cr III] Heterotetranuclear Complexes with N,N'-Bis(aminoalkyl)oxamidatocopper(II)

Li Y., Yan C., Xu G., Zhang G., Sun W.

Polish Journal of Chemistry

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2005

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Vol. 79 / nr 9

1415-1424

EN

The strategy of "complex as ligand" allowed us to synthesize two new _-oxamido- bridged copper(II)-chromium(III) heterotetranuclear complexes formulated as [Cu3(oxae)3Cr](ClO4)3 (1) and [Cu3(oxpn)3Cr](ClO4)3 (2), where oxae and oxpn represent N,N_-bis(2-aminoethyl)oxamido and N,N_-bis(3-aminopropyl)oxamido dianions, respectively. Based on elemental analyses, molar conductivity and magnetic moment (room-temperature) measurements, IR, ESR and electronic spectral studies, these complexes are proposed to have oxamido-bridged structures consisting of three copper(II) ions and a chromium(III) ion, in which the chromium(III) ion has an octahedral environment and the three copper(II) ions have a square-planar environment. The two heterotetranuclear complexes were further characterized by variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility (3~300 K) measurements and the magnetic data have been used to deduce the indicated heterotetranuclear structure. The results derived from least-squares fit of the experimental data have confirmed the ferromagnetic interaction between the adjacent copper(II) and chromium(III) ions through the oxamido-bridge within each molecule. On the basis of the spin Hamiltonian operator, H=-2J(S Cu1 . S Cr+S Cu2 . S Cr + S Cu3 . S cr) , the magnetic analyses were carried out for the two copper(II)-chromium(III) heterotetranuclear complexes and the spin-coupling constants (J) were evaluated as +13.98 cm-1 for (1) and +12.65 cm-1 for (2). The results indicate that the bridging oxamido should be able to transmit ferromagnetic interaction in the strict orthogonality [Cu3 IICrIII] system. The influence of the symmetry of the magnetic orbitals on the nature of the magnetic interaction between the paramagnetic centers is preliminarily discussed.

16

Mechanical and Corrosive Wear of Heat Treated Materials and Protection with Coating, an Overview

Liang H., Xu G., Totten G.

Inżynieria Powierzchni

|

2004

|

Nr 3

3-13

EN

Many conventional industrial processes for metal making, such as metal forming, heat treatment, machining, etc., involve strong mechanical impact and corrosive environmental effects, resulting in materials failure. Attempted for improvement has been made from heat treating of a variety of materials. In this work, an overview of common mechanical and corrosive wear in mentioned industrial processes is provided. A collection identification, and troubleshooting of common mechanical and corrosive wear will be presented. Discussion will be made on materials, failure analysis, and heat treating processes to illustrate wear mechanisms.

PL

Wiele konwencjonalnych przemysłowych procesów przeróbki metali, takich jak procesy metalurgiczne, obróbka cieplna, obróbka skrawaniem itp. pociąga za sobą silne oddziaływania mechaniczne i wywołuje skutki korozyjne powodujące uszkodzenia materiałów. Próbuje się temu zapobiegać poprzez odpowiednią obróbkę cieplną różnorodnych materiałów. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono przegląd najbardziej powszechnego mechanicznego i korozyjnego zużycia materiałów w wymienionych procesach produkcyjnych. Przedstawiono wykaz i identyfikację powszechnego mechanicznego i korozyjnego zużycia materiałów oraz sposobów wykrywania usterek powstających z tego powodu. W celu zilustrowania mechanizmów zużycia przedstawiono dyskusję dotyczącą materiałów, analizy uszkodzeń oraz procesów obróbki cieplnej.

17

Engine Tribology and Surface Modification Technology

Xu G., Liang H., Totten G., Liu J.

Inżynieria Powierzchni

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2004

|

Nr 4

8-18

PL

Artykuł poświęcony jest problematyce tribologicznej oraz technologii obróbki powierzchniowej wybranych zespołów silników samochodowych. Jako zespoły, pracujące w warunkach narażenia na zużycie tribologiczne, omówiono: cylinder - tłok (pierścienie tłokowe), zawory - gniazda zaworowe, krzywki - popychacze, a także blok cylindrowy. Analizując pracę ww. elementów trących stwierdzono, że podstawowym mechanizmem zużywania zespołu; tłok - cylinder jest zużycie ścierne, powodowane twardymi cząstkami zawartymi w środku smarowym, bądź paliwie, a ponadto również niszczenie korozyjne. Dominuącymi mechanizmami zużywania w układzie: zawory - gniazda zaworowe są; zużycie ścierne, adhezyjne i odkształceniowe a także zużywanie korozyjne. W parze tribologicznej typu krzywki - popychacze obserwuje się tarcie ślizgowe oraz tarcie toczne w warunkach wysokich nacisków jednostkowych. Stąd też, przy tarciu ślizgowym rejestruje się przypadki zacierania, a przy tarciu tocznym- pittingu. Dużą część artykułu poświęcono materiałom stosowanym na wymienione zespoły silników. Stwierdzono m.in., że bloki cylindrowe wykonywane są z żeliwa lub siluminów, zaś powierzchnie tulei cylindrycznych obrabia się cieplnie, cieplno-chemicznie, galwanicznie względnie metodą metalizacji natryskowej. Tłoki produkowane są z żeliwa lub stopów aluminium, a ponadto nakładane są powłoki z miękkich metali (np. Pb) lub kompozytów żywicznych (z PTFE, MOS2 i grafitu). Pierścienie tłokowe na ogół wykonuje się z żeliwa, które następnie może być chromowane, molibdenowane, fosforanowane, azotowane itp. Ostatnio podjęto próby wykonywania pierścieni metodą metalurgii proszków. Zawory silnikowe i gniazda zaworowe wykonuje się ze stali stopowych. Dla zwiększenia ich trwałości nakłada się różnego typu powłoki metodą natrysku cieplnego. W ostatnim okresie czasu zaczęto na elementy te stosować materiały ceramiczne (na bazie węglika krzemu, azotku krzemu), a także materiały spiekane. Krzywki i popychacze wykonuje się z żeliwa lub stali, które następnie poddawane są obróbce: cieplnej, cieplno-chemicznej, metalizacji natryskowej, a także nowoczesnymi technikami typu CVD i PVD. Ostatnie partie artykułu poświęcono technice smarowniczej, przy czym dużo uwagi poświęcono dodatkom do olejów silnkowych, typu: MoDTC, ZnDTC, MOS2 itp., a także laboratoryjnym i eksploatacyjnym badaniom tribologicznym omówionych zespołów silników samochodowych.

EN

The surface modification technology has been recognized in applications in automobiles. This technology is known to improve engine's tribological performance and fuel economy. With the higher requirement on the liability and longevity of automotive engine, there are urgent needs for new surface modification technologies and materials on engine components. In this article, a review is provided on surface modification technologies and materials that are applied to engines.