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EN
Thirty healthy trammers were examined in underground haulage mines during their normal activity. Physiological strain in terms of heart rate (HR) varied between 101.6 and 104.7 beats/min with mean net cardiac cost of 33.06 and 34.06 beats/min for younger and older groups respectively. The average relative cardiac cost was lower for younger subjects than for older ones. Oxygen consumption (VO2) was measured with an Oxylog-II machine (UK); subsequently values were estimated. Maximum aerobic capacity was estimated with an indirect method following a standard step test protocol. The responses revealed that the average VO2 during the activity was 0.75 and 0.8 L/min, which corresponded to energy expenditure (EE) of 3.8 and 3.97 Kcal/min for younger and older subjects respectively. The workload in terms of HR and EE was moderate, whereas the aerobic strain experienced by aged workers was above the acceptable level.
EN
Stiffened shell has been analyzed on the basis of a combination of Allman's plane stress triangle and DKT plate bending element. As the same displacement function is used for both the shell and the stiffener element, the compatibility condition at the shell beam junction is ensured. The formulation of the stiffener is done in such a manner that it can be placed anywhere within the shell element. The applicability of this element is tested for different structures, particularly for shallow and deep shells.
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