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1
Content available remote Termografia aktywna jako metoda badań nieniszczących złączy lutowanych na zakładkę
Pawlak S., Muzia G.
Stal, Metale & Nowe Technologie
|
2018
|
nr 1-2
106--113
PL
W pracy pokazano zastosowanie termografii aktywnej do badań nieniszczących złączy lutowanych blach stalowych na zakładkę. Na potrzeby eksperymentu wytworzono próbki do badań zawierające wadę w postaci lokalnego braku wypełnienia szczeliny lutowniczej. Badania termograficzne wykonano, stosując układ pomiarowy dwustronny, w którym próbka umieszczona była pomiędzy kamerą termowizyjną a źródłem ciepła. Uzyskane wyniki przedstawiono w postaci obrazów termograficznych chwilowego rozkładu temperatury na powierzchni próbki, ukazujących przybliżony kształt obszaru niewypełnionego ciekłym lutem. Analizę wyników przeprowadzono w oparciu o procedurę wyznaczania maksymalnego kontrastu temperaturowego na podstawie zarejestrowanych wykresów zmian temperatury w czasie.
EN
The paper presents the application of active thermography for the non-destructive testing (NDT) of soldered lap joints of steel sheets. To carry out the experiment, the specimens with an artificially created fault in the form of an area locally unfilled with liquid metal were manufactured. The active thermography measurements were carried out using a double-sided experimental arrangement, in which a specimen was located between the infrared camera and the thermal wave source. The obtained results were presented in the form of thermal images of momentary temperature distribution on the surface of the specimen, showing the approximate shape of the analyzed fault. The analysis of the results was curried out using a procedure of the maximum thermal contrast determination, based on the recorded temperature–time plots.
2
Content available remote Badania nieniszczące połączeń adhezyjnych blach z zastosowaniem termografii aktywnej
Pawlak S., Muzia G.
Stal, Metale & Nowe Technologie
|
2018
|
nr 5-6
138--141
PL
W artykule przedstawiono metodologię badań nieniszczących połączeń adhezyjnych blach stalowych z zastosowaniem termografii aktywnej. W celu przeprowadzenia eksperymentu wykonano próbki do badań zawierające wadę w postaci lokalnego braku ciągłości warstwy kleju pomiędzy dwiema blachami połączenia zakładkowego. Badania termograficzne wykonano, stosując układ pomiarowy dwustronny, w którym próbka umieszczona była pomiędzy źródłem ciepła a kamerą termowizyjną. Zastosowanie takiego układu pomiarowego zapewniało jednorodne nagrzewanie powierzchni próbki i, w efekcie, umożliwiło uzyskanie czytelnych obrazów termograficznych, ukazujących analizowaną wadę. Analizę wyników przeprowadzono w oparciu o typową procedurę wyznaczania kontrastu temperaturowego, na podstawie zarejestrowanych wykresów zmian temperatury w czasie.
EN
The article presents the methodology of non-destructive testing (NDT) of adhesive bonded steel sheets using active thermography. The specimens with artificially created imperfection in the form of local lack of adhesive layer between two sheets of lap-joint, were manufactured to carry out the experimental trials. The active thermography measurements were performed in a two-sided arrangement, in which a specimen was situated between a heat source and an infrared camera. Such an arrangement enabled the uniform heat ing of the specimen surface and, as a result, the obtainment of legible thermal images, which clearly showed the analyzed imperfection. Analysis of the results was curried out using a typical procedure of the thermal contrast determination, based on recorded temperature–time plots.
3
Content available remote Microstructure and mechanical properties of steel rods after controlled deformation
Głuchowski W., Rdzawski Z., Sobota J., Domagała-Dubiel J., Muzia G.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
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2015
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Vol. 71, nr 1
5--13
EN
Purpose: The goal of the study was to determine the influence of controlled deformation by RCS (repetitive corrugation and straightening) process on the structure and mechanical properties of S235JR steel. The influence of process parameters on the above properties was investigated. Design/methodology/approach: This study was aimed to investigate structure and mechanical properties of hot rolled rods of S235JR steel, subjected to intensive plastic deformation using the RCS (repetitive corrugation and straightening) method. Findings: Microstructure of the examined steel of S235JR grade is typical for hot rolled conditions. It was found out that in the initial material the perlite lamellae grew mainly in the direction perpendicular to the axis of the rod, i.e. in the direction of the highest rate of heat dissipation. The perlite lamellae in the rods after bending presented more random arrangement, and some of them were crushed. The process of bending should, therefore have a positive influence (decrease) on the anisotropy of mechanical (plastic) properties. Practical implications: Investigation results can be easily applied into industrial technology. Originality/value: This paper presents the results of study of the structure and mechanical properties S235JR steel after controlled deformation.
4
Content available remote Termografia aktywna jako nowa metoda badań nieniszczących połączeń zakładkowych spawanych laserowo
Pawlak S., Różański M., Stano S., Muzia G.
Przegląd Spawalnictwa
|
2014
|
R. 86, nr 3
4--10
PL
W artykule przedstawiono zastosowanie termografii aktywnej do badań nieniszczących połączeń zakładkowych blach spawanych laserowo bez pełnego przetopienia. Opisano opracowaną metodologię badań, sposób wytworzenia połączeń próbnych oraz zastosowane stanowisko badawcze. Uzyskane obrazy termograficzne zostały poddane analizie polegającej na wyznaczeniu maksymalnego kontrastu temperaturowego. Ocenę wykonanych połączeń przeprowadzono na podstawie analizy makrostruktury wybranych przekrojów poprzecznych próbek. Na podstawie wyników badań termograficznych stwierdzono, że zaproponowana metoda może być z powodzeniem zastosowana do nieniszczących badań połączeń zakładkowych spawanych laserowo.
EN
The application of active thermography for non-destructive testing of laser welded lap joints (with partial joint penetration) was presented in this article. The methodology, specimen preparation and applied apparatus were described. Thermal images of the specimens obtained during experiments were analyzed using procedure based on maximum thermal contrast determination. Prepared laser welded lap joints were examined using typical macro image analysis of selected cross sections of joints. The obtained experimental results showed that considered method has a great potential to be successfully applied for non-destructive testing of laser welded lap joints.
5
Content available remote Zastosowanie termografii aktywnej do badań nieniszczących połączeń lutowanych
Pawlak S., Różański M., Muzia G.
Przegląd Spawalnictwa
|
2013
|
R. 85, nr 2
24-28
PL
W artykule opisano zastosowanie termografii aktywnej do badań nieniszczących połączeń lutowanych. Omówiono metodologię badań oraz zastosowane stanowisko badawcze własnej konstrukcji. Uzyskane obrazy termograficzne próbek zostały porównane z wynikami badań radiograficznych. Na podstawie wyników stwierdzono, że zaproponowana metoda badawcza może być z powodzeniem zastosowana do nieniszczącej analizy jakości zakładkowych połączeń lutowanych.
EN
The application of active thermography for non-destructive testing of brazed lap joints was presented in this article. The methodology and applied self-constructed apparatus were discussed. Thermal images of the specimens obtained during experiments were compared with radiography examination results. On the basis of obtained results, it was summarized that the proposed testing method can be successfully applied for non-destructive quality analysis of brazed lap joints.
6
Content available remote Ilościowa ocena zawartości proszku węgla w kompozytach o osnowie polimerowej metodą termografii aktywnej
Stabik J., Pawlak S., Chomiak M., Muzia G.
Przetwórstwo Tworzyw
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2012
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[R.] 18, nr 4
361-364
PL
W artykule przedstawiono zastosowanie termografii aktywnej do ilościowej oceny zawartości proszku węgla (grafitu i węgla antracytowego) w kompozytach o osnowie epoksydowej. Uzyskane podczas badań termograficznych charakterystyki czasowo-temperaturowe użyto do wyznaczenia dyfuzyjności cieplnej kompozytów. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników badań stwierdzono, że zaproponowana metoda badawcza może być z powodzeniem zastosowana do ilościowej oceny zawartości proszku węgla w kompozytach polimerowych o osnowie epoksydowej.
EN
The application of active thermography for the quantitative assessment of carbon powder (graphite and anthracite coal) content in epoxy matrix has been presented in this article. Temperature-time dependences obtained during thermographic measurements were used to determine the thermal diffusivity of composites. On the basis of obtained results of the measurements, it was summarized that the proposed testing method can be applied in quantitative assessment of carbon powder content in epoxy matrix composites.
7
Content available remote Detekcja przemieszczeń warstw włókien wzmacniających w kompozytach epoksydowo-węglowych metodą termografii aktywnej
Pawlak S., Muzia G.
Przetwórstwo Tworzyw
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2012
|
[R.] 18, nr 4
341-344
PL
W artykule pokazano możliwość zastosowania termografii aktywnej do detekcji przemieszczeń warstw włókien wzmacniających w kompozytach epoksydowo-węglowych typu CFRP (ang. Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic). Próbki do badań wykonano tak, aby "symulowały" kompozyt, w którym doszło do przemieszczenia się części warstw włókien wzmacniających podczas wytwarzania. Na podstawie uzyskanych sekwencji obrazów termograficznych wyznaczono charakterystyki czasowo-temperaturowe pochodzące z obszarów kompozytu o różnej liczbie warstw. Przeprowadzona analiza wyników badań pozwoliła stwierdzić, że zaproponowana metoda badawcza może być zastosowana do detekcji przemieszczeń warstw włókien wzmacniających w kompozytach warstwowych epoksydowo-węglowych.
EN
A possibility of application of active thermography for the detection of displacement of fiber-reinforcement plys in carbon-epoxy (CFRP) composites has been presented in this article. The specimens were prepared to simulate the composite material with displacement of part of woven fabrics plys. On the basis of obtained thermal images the temperature-time dependences from two areas of composite with different number of plys were extracted. The analysis of obtained results showed that the proposed testing method can be applied in detection of displacement of fiber-reinforcement plys in carbon-epoxy composites.
8
Content available remote Thermal diffusivity measurements of selected fiber reinforced polymer composites using heat pulse method
Wróbel G., Pawlak S., Muzia G.
Archives of Materials Science and Engineering
|
2011
|
Vol. 48, nr 1
25-32
EN
The objective of this paper was to examine the effect of fiber content on the thermal diffusivity in selected fiber reinforced polymer composites. The influence of fiber type on the thermal diffusivity was also considered and discussed.
9
Content available remote Thermography in plastics welding processes assessment
Rojek M., Stabik J., Muzia G.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
|
2010
|
Vol. 41, nr 1-2
40-47
EN
Purpose: The purpose of this paper was to describe the possibilities of thermovision technique to evaluate temperature distribution on heating tools surfaces of plastics welding machines and temperature distribution on heated surfaces of welded parts. Design/methodology/approach: Heating tools of butt fusion, socket fusion and infrared fusion machines were tested using thewrmovision camera. Interrelation was shown between temperature distribution on heating tools and welded parts surfaces. Findings: The quality of ready welds is essentially dependent on uniform heating of welded parts. Achieved results shown that thermography may be applied as a tool to quick temperature distribution evaluation on heating elements and welded parts. Research limitations/implications: In order to evaluate temperature distribution with thermovision camera complete surface of heating element must be “visible”. The maximum angle between camera axis and line perpendicular do scanned surface is 30°. Practical implications: Achieved results showed that thermography may be applied in industrial practice to test heating elements of plastics welding machines. Also welded parts may be scanned with this methodology. Originality/value: The originality of the research comprises in evaluation of relation between temperature distribution on heating elements and temperature distribution on welded parts heated with given tools.
10
Content available remote Quantitative analysis of the fibre content distribution in CFRP composites using thermal non-destructive testing
Wróbel G., Rdzawski Z., Muzia G., Pawlak S.
Archives of Materials Science and Engineering
|
2010
|
Vol. 41, nr 1
28-36
EN
Purpose: The primary purpose of present study was to determine the fibre content distribution in CFRP composites using thermal non-destructive testing. Design/methodology/approach: The experiments have been performed using transient thermography to obtain the thermograms for CFRP and neat resin specimens. From recorded thermograms, the thermal diffusivity values were determined for all materials under investigation and for two different preheating conditions to verify the effect of preheating conditions on obtained results. Findings: It was found from obtained results that composites with different carbon fibre content had different values of thermal diffusivity. Relationship showed that the thermal diffusivity was a linear function of fibre content in considered materials. It was also found from investigated neat resin specimens that the thermal diffusivity measurement was affected by specimen thickness. Research limitations/implications: Developed relationships between thermal diffusivity and carbon fibre content is not generalized for all types of CFRP composites (manufactured using a different technology or of different thickness), such specific relationships should be determined for any other composite. Practical implications: The results obtained from present experiment would be of great importance in the industrial or laboratory applications to evaluate the fibre content distribution in carbon/epoxy composites. Originality/value: Originality of the present paper is about applying the thermal non-destructive testing to determine the fibre content distribution in CFRP composites.
11
Content available remote The application of transient thermography The application of transient thermography fibre/epoxy composites
Wróbel G., Rdzawski Z., Muzia G., Pawlak S.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
|
2009
|
Vol. 36, nr 1
49-56
EN
Purpose: Primary purpose of the present experimental study was to evaluate the local fibre content in carbon fibre/epoxy composites using transient thermography. Design/methodology/approach: The experiments have been performed using transient thermography to obtain the thermograms for carbon/epoxy specimens with different carbon fibre content. From obtained thermograms the thermal diffusivity values were determined and compared for each specimen and correlated with carbon content. The composites were two times tested using two different heating conditions to check the conformity of determined diffusivity values. Findings: It was found from obtained results that composites with different carbon fibre content had different values of thermal diffusivity, indicating that transient thermography can be considered as a non-destructive testing method for fiber content evaluation in CFRP composites. Research limitations/implications: Developed empirical formula is not universal for any other fibre reinforced polymer composite, so different relationships should be determined for different composites. Practical implications: The results obtained from present experiment would be of great importance in the industrial applications to obtain first estimate of carbon fibre content in fibre reinforced composite materials. Originality/value: The originality of present investigation is in application of transient thermography for local fibre content evaluation in polymer composite materials. The method should be of interest for the industrial quality control applications and is of great importance for composite products with high failure-free requirements.
12
Content available remote Determination of thermal diffusivity of carbon/epoxy composites with different fiber content using transient thermography
Wróbel G., Rdzawski Z., Muzia G., Pawlak S.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
|
2009
|
Vol. 37, nr 2
518-525
EN
Purpose: The purpose of present study was to determine the thermal diffusivity of carbon fibre/epoxy composites with different fibre content using flash method. Design/methodology/approach: The experiments have been performed using transient thermography to obtain the thermograms for carbon/epoxy specimens with different carbon fibre content. From recorded thermograms the thermal diffusivity values were determined for two different heating conditions to verify the effect of heating conditions on thermal diffusivity values. Findings: It was found from obtained results that composites with different carbon fibre content had different values of thermal diffusivity. The method initially proposed by Parker as “flash method” for the thermal diffusivity measurements of homogeneous solids was successfully applied to determine thermal diffusivity of CFRP composites. Relationship showed that the thermal diffusivity is linear function of carbon content in considered materials. Research limitations/implications: Developed relationships between thermal diffusivity and fibre content is not universal for any other carbon fibre reinforced composites (manufactured using different technique and/or using different constituent materials), so different relationships should be determined for different composites. Practical implications: The results obtained from present experiment would be of great importance in the industrial or laboratory applications to determine thermal diffusivity in carbon fibre reinforced composite materials. Originality/value: The originality of present investigation is in application of transient thermography based on flash method approach to measure thermal diffusivity of carbon/epoxy composites.
13
Content available remote Transient thermography in the assessment of local fibre content in CFRP laminates
Wróbel G., Rdzawski Z. M., Muzia G., Pawlak S.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
|
2008
|
Vol. 31, nr 2
385-390
EN
Purpose: The main objective of the present work was to find relationships between achieved results of the thermal non-destructive testing and the local fibre content in carbon/epoxy composite materials. Design/methodology/approach: The experiments have been performed using thermography testing station designed and built specially for the purpose of the investigation. Each carbon/epoxy composite was prepared with different fiber content with the same total thickness of the specimens. Thermal non-destructive testing (TNDT) technique was employed to measure such parameters as threshold temperature rise, upper limit temperature and temperature growth rate on the specimen surface. The results achieved were then analysed and correlated with carbon fiber content. Findings: The study has assessed the ability of transient thermography to carry out a testing of fiber content in carbon/epoxy composite materials. The experimental results revealed relationship between fiber content and temperature growth rate from which the empirical formula for predicting local fiber content has been developed. Research limitations/implications: In order to obtain reliable results, there are many factors to be considered such as void content in composite matrix, type and quality of composite surface and others. Further work is needed in this area. Practical implications: The results obtained would be of considerable importance in the industrial applications to achieve a first estimate of local fiber content in polymer composite materials. Originality/value: A new approach to the problem of fibre content examination has been demonstrated by means of thermal non-destructive testing. The method developed should be of interest to the industrial quality control applications and has a great importance for the products with a high failure-free requirements.
14
Content available remote Active IR-thermography as a method of fiber content evaluation in carbon/epoxy composites
Wróbel G., Muzia G., Pawlak S.
Archives of Materials Science and Engineering
|
2008
|
Vol. 30, nr 2
101-104
EN
Purpose: The primary purpose of the present work was to find relationships between achieved results of the thermal non-destructive testing and the local fibre content in a carbon/epoxy composite materials. The paper also describes the methodology, a prototype testing station and results achieved during investigations. Design/methodology/approach: The experiments have been performed using a prototype testing station designed and built specially for the purpose of the investigation. Each carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) composite was prepared with different fiber content. Thermal non-destructive testing (NDT) technique was employed to measure such parameters as threshold temperature rise, upper limit temperature and temperature growth rate on the specimen surface. The results achieved were then analysed and correlated with carbon fiber content. Findings: The study has assessed the ability of IR-thermography to carry out a testing of fiber content in CFRP composite materials. The experimental results revealed relationship between fiber content and upper limit temperature and also between fiber content and temperature growth rate. Research limitations/implications: In order to obtain reliable results, there are many factors to be considered such as void content in composite matrix, type and quality of composite surface and others. Further work is needed in this area. Practical implications: The results obtained would be of considerable importance in the industrial applications to achieve a first estimate of fiber content in polymer composite materials. Originality/value: A new approach to the problem of fibre content examination has been demonstrated by means of thermal non-destructive testing. The method developed should be of interest to the industrial quality control applications and has a great importance for the products with a high failure-free requirements.
15
Diagnostyka termowizyjna stopnia degradacji zmęczeniowej kompozytów epoksydowo-szklanych
Muzia G., Rdzawski Z., Rojek M., Stabik J., Wróbel G.
Modelowanie Inżynierskie
|
2007
|
T. 3, nr 34
99-104
PL
W artykule przedstawiono metodykę oceny stopnia degradacji zmęczeniowej z wykorzystaniem techniki termowizyjnej. Kompozyty epoksydowe wzmocnione włóknem szklanym poddawano zmęczeniu metodą zginania trójpunktowego. Tak degradowane materiały poddano następnie badaniom termowizyjnym, w czasie których określano zmianę temperatury próbek nagrzewanych promiennikiem podczerwieni. Wyznaczano zależność szybkości narostu temperatury od liczby cykli zmęczeniowych. Wraz ze wzrostem liczby cykli zmęczeniowych zaobserwowano spadek szybkości narostu temperatury.
EN
In the paper a method of thermographic diagnosis of the degree of fatigue degradation is presented. Epoxy-glass composites were fatigue degraded using three-point bending. Degraded composites were subsequently tested using thermovision camera. Temperature increase was evaluated after infra-red radiation heating. The dependence between the number of fatigue cycles and the rate of temperature increase was searched. It was stated that the higher is the number of fatigue cycles the lower is the rate of temperature increase.
16
Content available remote Thermographic diagnosis of fatigue degradation of epoxy-glass composites
Muzia G., Rdzawski Z. M., Rojek M., Stabik J., Wróbel G.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
|
2007
|
Vol. 24, nr 2
123-126
EN
Purpose: The purpose of this paper was to describe results of application of thermography to evaluate the degree of fatigue degradation of epoxy-glass composites. Design/methodology/approach: Samples of epoxy-glass composite were subjected to fatigue degradation. During fatigue test, after defined number of cycles, samples were heated using infra-red heater and at the opposite side temperature increase was evaluated with thermovision camera. Findings: Analysis of achieved results allowed to elaborate relation between number of fatigue cycles and the degree of fatigue degradation. Such relation may be applied in diagnostic procedures. Research limitations/implications: Performed tests were of preliminary character and results will be applied to prepare research programme on thermographic testing of composites. Practical implications: Results of such tests may be applied in the future in diagnostic procedures to non­destructive evaluation of the degree of fatigue degradation of high performance polymer composites. Originality/value: Thermographic methods are applied up till now to non-destructive flaws detection. Proposed in the paper method may be applied to evaluate the degree of thermal and fatigue degradation in composites without any macroscopic flaws.
17
Content available remote Thermographic diagnosis of fatigue degradation of epoxy-glass composites
Wróbel G., Muzia G., Rdzawski Z. M., Rojek M., Stabik J.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
|
2007
|
Vol. 24, nr 1
131-136
EN
Purpose: The purpose of this paper was to describe results of application of thermography to evaluate the degree of fatigue degradation of epoxy-glass composites. Design/methodology/approach: Samples of epoxy-glass composite were subjected to fatigue degradation. During fatigue test, after defined number of cycles, samples were heated using infra-red heater and at the opposite side temperature increase was evaluated with thermovision camera. Findings: Analysis of achieved results allowed to elaborate relation between number of fatigue cycles and the degree of fatigue degradation. Such relation may be applied in diagnostic procedures. Research limitations/implications: Performed tests were of preliminary character and results will be applied to prepare research programme on thermographic testing of composites. Practical implications: Results of such tests may be applied in the future in diagnostic procedures to non-destructive evaluation of the degree of fatigue degradation of high performance polymer composites. Originality/value: Thermographic methods are applied up till now to non-destructive flaws detection. Proposed in the paper method may be applied to evaluate the degree of thermal and fatigue degradation in composites without any macroscopic flaws.
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