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Prefabrication – a future of wood construction in Poland?

Krzosek S., Kłosińska T., Biernacka J.

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology

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2018

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No. 104

432--437

EN

The article describes the status-quo of Polish wood construction industry and its prospects in the context of KOMUNALWOOD conference, which took place on May 2018 in Gdańsk. The article contains a presentation of existing wood construction techniques with particular emphasis on prefabricated and modular buildings, their advantages, Polish wood-construction industry's potential with this regard, as well as a few examples of ready buildings. Also information on multistorey buildings („wooden skyscrapers”) recently finished and presently under construction in Europe and worldwide, where timber, in various forms of application constitutes the basic construction material, is provided.

2

Modernisierungsprozess der polnischen Sägeindustrie beschleunigt

Krzosek S., Biernacka J., Kłosińska T., Mańkowski P.

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology

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2018

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No. 104

117--122

DE

Die polnische Holzindustrie hat große Bedeutung für die polnische Wirtschaft. Wichtige Teil der Holzindustrie in Polen außer Möbelindustrie und Holzwerkstoffplattenindustrie bildet die Sägeindustrie. Die Zahl der Sägewerke in Polen zählt bis 7000 Betriebe. Der technische Zustand der Sägewerke ist im Durchschnitt nicht besonders gut, aber der Modernisierungsprozess dauert schon viele Jahre an. Als erste modernisierten sich die großen Betriebe. Jetzt dauern die Modernisierungen auch in kleineren, Familienbetrieben. Viele mittelgroße Sägewerke schneiden in Polen bis heute mit Einsatz von veralteter Gattertechnik. Manche vorbereiten Investitionen und suchen nach besten Lösungen. In diesem Artikel werden zwei Beispiele von Modernisierung von mittelgroßen, Familienbetrieben vorgestellt. Beide Sägewerke waren vor der Modernisierung Gatterbetriebe. Beide haben sich für dieKreiss ägetechnik entschieden. Es werden die Vorteile von jedem Konzept dargestellt.

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What do the K-Ar ages of illite tell us about the diagenesis of Rotliegend sandstones of the Fore-Sudetic Monocline, SW Poland?

Biernacka J.

Geological Quarterly

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2015

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Vol. 59, No. 2

257--270

EN

The all available K-Ar data of authigenic illite from Rotliegend aeolian sandstones of the Fore-Sudetic Monocline, including the results from six samples examined in the present study, are reviewed in terms of their geological meaning, relation to diagenetic processes occurring in the sandstones, and implications for a petroleum system. The majority of ages fall in the range between 195 and 150 Ma, i.e. they correspond to Jurassic times. The results may be grouped in several time intervals, which are almost identical to those identified for Rotliegend sandstones of central and western Europe, and which are interpreted as pulses of intensive illite growth. The K-Ar data corroborate the long-held assumption that throughout the entire Southern Permian Basin Jurassic illite growth was triggered by the same, large-scale underlying processes, which manifested themselves in enhanced heat flow. These processes may also have caused the expulsion of hydrocarbons from source rocks.

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Provenance of Upper Cretaceous quartz-rich sandstones from the North Sudetic Synclinorium, SW Poland: constraints from detrital tourmaline

Biernacka J.

Geological Quarterly

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2012

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Vol. 56, No 2

333-344

EN

Upper Cretaceous quartz arenites that fill the North Sudetic Synclinorium on the northern periphery of the Variscan Bohemian Massif show high compositional but low textural maturity. They have been interpreted for years as derived largely from nearby granite plutons, i.e. as first-cycle sediments. A different provenance was revealed on the basis of a combined light and heavy mineral analysis, and particularly a detrital tourmaline study, given that tourmaline is a sensitive indicator of granitic/metamorphic/sedimentary (multi-recycling) origin. Cenomanian, Turonian, Coniacian and Santonian sandstones contain abundant angular tourmaline grains, together with zircon and rutile, and subordinately staurolite, garnet, anatase, kyanite, sillimanite and monazite. The successive – Cenomanian to Santonian – tourmaline populations are similar with regard to shape, colour and chemical composition. The latter points unambiguously to various metamorphic rocks with a predominant group of Al-rich metapelites (Al-rich, F-poor dravite). It is concluded that, in the Late Cretaceous, large Sudetic granite plutons such as the Karkonosze and Strzegom–Sobótka massifs were not exposed but were buried under a thick siliciclastic cover. These results coupled with published apatite fission-track data from the granitic Karkonosze Pluton and the gneissic/migmatitic Góry Sowie Massif reveal that Late Cretaceous quartz arenites of the North Sudetic Synclinorium reflect gradual exhumation of the surrounding massifs, but do not record the final exposure of crystalline rocks. Since the latest Turonian, this exhumation corresponded to the Late Cretaceous inversion episode in Central Europe. The textural immaturity of Upper Cretaceous sandstones is misleading in terms of their recycled origin, and it is inherited from immature clastic source rocks.

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Detritus from Variscan lower crust in Rotliegend sandstones of the Intra-Sudetic Basin, SW Poland, revealed by detrital high-pyrope garnet

Biernacka J.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2012

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Vol. 82, No. 1

127–-138

EN

It is well established that pebbles in the Sudetic Permian conglomerates were derived from the nearby Variscan massifs of upper-crustal composition. However, the provenance of the sand-size grains remains enigmatic. Electron microprobe analyses (EMPAs) of detrital garnet from upper Rotliegend conglomerates and sandstones exposed at Golińsk, the Intra-Sudetic Basin, showed a distinct assemblage dominated by high-pyrope (high-grossular) almandine, typical of high-grade metamorphic rocks, such as high-pressure granulites. These results, coupled with a previously reported population of similar detrital garnet in the stratigraphically equivalent conglomerates and sandstones of the Karkonosze Piedmont Basin, suggest regional input of detrital lower-crustal material. This detritus was derived ultimately either from the Moldanubian Zone of the Bohemian Massif, or from high-grade rocks of the Orlica-Śnieżnik Massif that were exposed in the Carboniferous–Permian. Permian siliciclastic rocks might have covered a large part of the Sudetes. During the Mesozoic and Palaeogene, these rocks might have been recycled further, contributing high-pyrope garnet, as an accessory mineral, into siliciclastic rocks of the Sudetes and their foreland.

6

Detritus from Variscan lower crust in Rotliegend sand stones of the Intra-Sudetic Basin, SW Poland, revealed by detrital high-pyrope garnet

Biernacka J.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2012

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Vol. 82, No. 2

127–-138

EN

It is well established that pebbles in the Sudetic Permian conglomerates were derived from the nearby Variscan massifs of upper-crustal composition. However, the provenance of the sand-size grains remains enigmatic. Electron microprobe analyses (EMPAs) of detrital garnet from upper Rotliegend conglomerates and sandstones exposed at Golińsk, the Intra-Sudetic Basin, showed a distinct assemblage dominated by high-pyrope (high-grossular) almandine, typical of high-grade metamorphic rocks, such as high-pressure granulites. These results, coupled with a previously reported population of similar detrital garnet in the stratigraphically equivalent conglomerates and sandstones of the Karkonosze Piedmont Basin, suggest regional input of detrital lower-crustal material. This detritus was derived ultimately either from the Moldanubian Zone of the Bohemian Massif, or from high-grade rocks of the Orlica-Śnieżnik Massif that were exposed in the Carboniferous–Permian. Permian siliciclastic rocks might have covered a large part of the Sudetes. During the Mesozoic and Palaeogene, these rocks might have been recycled further, contributing high-pyrope garnet, as an accessory mineral, into siliciclastic rocks of the Sudetes and their foreland.

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The Eastern Sudetic Island in the Early-to-Middle Turonian : evidence from heavy minerals in the Jerzmanice sandstones, SW Poland

Biernacka J., Józefiak M.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2009

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Vol. 59, no. 4

545-565

EN

The Eastern Sudetic Island was an emerged area in the late Cretaceous shelf-sea of central Europe that delivered coarse siliciclastic material to adjacent basins. The extent of this land area during the Early-to-Middle Turonian has been reconstructed on the basis of a heavy-mineral analysis of the Jerzmanice sandstones from the North Sudetic Basin. The heavy minerals studied predominantly derive from medium to high grade metamorphic rocks, such as granulites and metabasites, calc-silicate rocks, mica schists and gneisses, and from garnet peridotites and pegmatites/granites. The interpretation of various heavy mineral species provides evidence that the major part of the detritus constituting the Jerzmanice sandstones was supplied from a relatively small area of the fore-Sudetic part of the Gory Sowie Massif and its immediate vicinity, approx. 50 km away from the depositional site. Heavy minerals and particularly the chemical characteristics of detrital garnets, Cr-spinels and tourmalines, have turned out to be excellent indicators of the provenance of these mature late cretaceous sandstones.

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Wpływ kompakcji i cementacji na właściwości zbiornikowe piaskowców eolicznych czerwonego spągowca z obszaru monokliny przedsudeckiej

Biernacka J., Leśniak G., Buniak A.

Prace Instytutu Nafty i Gazu

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2006

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nr 134

67-67

PL

W pracy tej podjęto próbę rozpoznania zależności porowatości piaskowców czerwonego spągowca od głębokości ich zalegania oraz ilościowego oszacowania efektów cementacji i kompakcji w zamykaniu pierwotnej porowatości skał. Wybrano obszar monokliny przedsudeckiej jako jeden z bardziej perspektywicznych rejonów poszukiwań węglowodorów w Polsce. Badania zawężono do piaskowców eolicznych z dwóch powodów: (1) piaskowce te wykazują najlepsze właściwości kolektorskie spośród skał osadowych dolnego permu, (2) powinny charakteryzować się podobnymi parametrami wyjściowymi, takimi jak porowatość, uziarnienie, wysortowanie. W celu rozwiązania postawionego problemu przeanalizowano 157 próbek piaskowców z głębokości od 1,5 do 4,5 km z 17 otworów wiertniczych. Badane piaskowce cechują się zróżnicowaną porowatością przy czym większość współczynników porowatości zamyka się w przedziale od 10% do 25%. Porowatość maleje z głębokością pogrzebania piaskowców, ale zależność ta jest widoczna tylko wtedy, kiedy rozłącznie analizuje się dane z piaskowców położonych na północ i na południowy-wschód od wału wolsztyńskiego. Dla całej populacji piaskowców eolicznych nie ma związku między porowatością a głębokością pogrzebania. Jest to głównie spowodowane zróżnicowaną inwersją jakiej obszar monokliny dwukrotnie uległ pod koniec jury i w późnej kredzie. Dzisiejsze głębokości zalegania skał nie są maksymalnymi głębokościami, na jakich przebywały. Pierwotna porowatość międzyziarnowa została zmniejszona głównie w wyniku kompakcji. Cementacja zmniejszyła pierwotną porowatość w stopniu znacznie mniejszym, gdyż piaskowce eoliczne nie są intensywnie scementowane - średnia zawartość cementów wynosi 14% objętości skały. Najbardziej powszechnymi cementami są hematyt, kwarc i illit. Dolomit, kalcyt, anhydryt i kaolinit występują lokalnie. Większość cementów wytrąciła się w czasie późnej diagenezy, przy pogrzebaniu większym niż 1 (2?) km. Spadek porowatości z głębokością jest najwyraźniejszy w piaskowcach z indywidualnych odwiertów, które przebiły miąższą sekwencję eoliczną(około 700 m, Kórnik-2, Krzykosy-1A). Zaobserwowano ponadto, że w dół tych profili wyraźnie maleją takie parametry przestrzeni porowej, jak średnica progowa, średnia kapilara, zawartość porów większych niż 1 μm i długość porów, natomiast zwiększa się wydłużenie będące miernikiem spłaszczenia porów. Jest to spowodowane wzrostem stopnia kompakcji badanych piaskowców wraz z głębokością, który z kolei jest spowodowany wzrostem zawartości plastycznych fragmentów litycznych w szkielecie ziarnowym skał w dół analizowanych profili.

EN

This work is aimed at recognizing a porosity-depth trend for the Rotliegend sandstones from the Fore-Sudetic Monocline, and quantifying the effects of cementation and compaction on reducing primary porosity. The area chosen is still one of the most perspective territories for hydrocarbon discoveries in Poland. This study concerns only eolian sandstones for two reasons: (1) they show the best reservoir properties among the continental depositional facies of the Rotliegend, and (2) they should have had similar original properties, such as porosity, grain-size and sorting. 157 samples from the burial depth of 1,5 to 4,5 km and from 17 wells were analyzed to solve the problem. The sandstones studied showed diverse porosities, but the majority of them ranged from 10 to 25%. Generally, porosity decreases with burial depth, but this is visible only on condition that the data from sandstones situated to the north and to the south-east from the Wolsztyn Ridge are analyzed separately. There is no clear relationship between porosity and burial depth for the entire sample population. This is mainly caused by a diverse uplift of the Fore-Sudetic Monocline area at the end of Jurassic and in the Late Cretaceous. As a result, present day burial depths differ from maximum ones. Primary porosity was reduced due to compaction. Cementation reduced primary porosity to a lesser extent. The eolian sandstones are not intensively cemented: the content of cements averages 14 vol. %. Hematite, quartz and illite are the most widespread minerals whereas dolomite, calcite, anhydrite and kaolinite occur locally. The majority of cements precipitated during late diagenesis and burial depths greater than 1(2?) km. The porosity loss with depth is the most obvious for sandstones from individual wells which pierced thick eolian sequences (about 700 m, Kórnik-2, Krzykosy-1A). Moreover, the parameters of pore-space such as treshold diameter, average capillary tube, content of pores greater than 1 μm, pore length, also decrease with depth whereas elongation, an indicator of pore flattening, increases. This is consistent with an increase of compaction degree with depth, which in turn is caused by a steady increase of fragile lithic fragments in grain framework towards the bottom of the sandstones.

9

Ecological aspects of the river Bug waterway

Biernacka J., Filocha M., Loga M., Pusłowska - Tyszewska D.

Polish Maritime Research

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2006

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S 2

18-22

EN

The Bug valley from the State border, i.e. from Niemirów all the way to the Zegrze Reservoir is subjected - due to its unique natural and landscape merits –to different forms of nature preservation such as reserves, landscape parks, and has been included into the European system of preserved areas “Natura 2000”. The natural resources can contribute to development of the region by intensification of tourism, on the other hand it can lead to a limitation of potential economical use of the Bug as a shipping waterway. This paper presents ecological and hydro-morphological conditions of the region and a proposal of intensification of tourist activities along the waterway, and variants of tourist servicing, which would not be in contradiction with the present forms of nature preservation applied to the Bug valley.

10

Management of liquid wastes on floating docks in the aspect of its impact on the environment

Marcinowski P., Biernacka J., Olesiejuk-Kowalska M.

Polish Maritime Research

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2005

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S 1

15-19

EN

State of environment pollution in the area of operation of a floating dock was investigated. In the taken samples of liquid wastes, outboard water and bed sediments were determined values of their basic physical and chemical parameters as well as concentration of poly-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, butyl tin compounds ((Bt)3 SnCl, (Bt)2 SnCl2 , BtSnCl3 , (Bt)4 Sn), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB 28, PCB 52, PCB 101, PCB 138, PCB 153, PCB 180) as well as heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr, Co, Fe, Mn, As, Hg).

11

Zechstein (Ca1) limestone-marl alternations from the North-Sudetic Basin, Poland: depositional or diagenetic rhythms?

Biernacka J., Borysiuk K., Raczyński P.

Geological Quarterly

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2005

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Vol. 49, No. 1

1--14

EN

Limestone-marl alternations constitute a characteristic rock facies within the Zechstein Limestone (Ca1) deposits of the North-Sudetic Basin, Poland. Rhythmites of this type are exposed in a 10-metres section at Nowy Kooeciół, which from the beginning of the last century has been considered representative for this part of the Zechstein basin, and were formerly interpreted as calcareous storm sediments alternating with marls deposited during more quiet conditions. Our results of sedimentological, petrographical and chemical studies suggest that the Nowy Kościół section is a record of distal storm deposits, but that the present-day layering does not precisely reflect the depositional rhythm. Post-depositional changes have overprinted and blurred the original pattern.We propose a model of diagenetic alteration in which dissolution and reprecipitation of calcium carbonate in the shallow subsurface formed new layer boundaries; subsequent modifications during deeper burial followed these early diagenetic changes.

12

Heavy mineral suites in Oligocene-Miocene sediments (Fore-Sudetic Monocline, SW Poland): Provenance signals versus weathering alteration

Biernacka J.

Geologia Sudetica

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2004

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Vol. 36

1-20

EN

The paper describes the diversity of the heavy mineral suites in the Oligocene and Miocene sediments that were deposited in the foreland of the Sudetic part of the Bohemian Massif. The observed mineral variability is the result not only of changes in sediment transport directions, but also of chemical weathering and hydrodynamic sorting of the minerals by density. All the heavy mineral assemblages lack olivines, pyroxenes and amphiboles, i.e. chemically unstable minerals. Moreover, the terrestrial sediments are impoverished in non-resistant heavy minerals in comparison to the marine ones. The central and eastern part of the Fore-Sudetic Block and, from the Middle Miocene, a part of what are now the Sudetes Mts. constituted the main source areas supplying detrital material to the Fore-Sudetic Monocline. Generally, the heavy minerals document a gradual lowering of the western fragment of the Meta-Carpathian Arch separating the North-West European Basin from the Paratethys, and a distinct shift in source areas delivering detrital material to the basin in the Middle Miocene. Furthermore, a pyroclastic origin for some heavy minerals from the sands/silts of the Middle Miocene Mużaków formation is suggested.