The aim of the study was to find out whether the climate of southern Poland allows for removing rainwater from industrial areas by evaporation from roof surfaces. The study covered the premises of a Logistics Centre with an approximate area of 34 hectares, located in the catchment of the Wedonka stream and in the region of water intake for Kraków at the Rudawa river. In the future, the Centre will comprise nine large warehouses. Road traffic associated with the project will cause potential risks for groundwater and surface water of this protected area. Therefore, the Centre’s investor decided to evaporate rainwater from the premises. To establish advisability of this plan, the study team designed and built a unique experimental station consisting of experimental roof, a tank for collecting water for the sprinkler system, system for delivering, distributing and discharging water from the roof, measuring tilt tray, automatic meteorological station, and electronic devices for recording measurement data. The research on the experimental station was carried out from April to October in 2011 and 2012 and included continuous measurements of the volume of water supplied to and discharged from the roof. Moreover, the temperature of the roof and water in the tank and the number of important meteorological parameters were measured. The difference between supplied and discharged water, divided by the wetted surface of the roof, helped to determine thickness of the evaporation layer in millimeters. The study confirmed the possibility of removing potentially contaminated rainwater by evaporating it from roof surfaces of the Logistics Centre located near Kraków at an average rate of 5.9 dm3·m–2·d–1. However, due to high seasonal variability of rainfall and air temperature, it is necessary to temporarily collect water in an expansion tank of suitable capacity.
Physical and water properties of silt loam from the area of planned football field were tested and compared with analogous properties of several composites made in laboratory conditions from the collected material with a dominant sand share. The research was conducted in a view of silt loam and its composites usefulness for constructing a carrying layer of football fields. Water permeability of silt loam and composites, as well as retention abilities were tested. The created composites met the water permeability requirements specified by DIN 18035 standard for constructing carrying layer of football fields. On the other hand, silt loam without sand admixture did not meet the requirements, but revealed a high retention capacity and water availability to plants. Among the composites the best retention capacity characterised the mixtures with the biggest content of silt loam, but the best water availability was registered in composites with medium content of silt loam from the football field area. The obtained results may be useful for more precise determination of the standards for grain size distribution of the composites used for constructing the carrying layer of a football field.
W pracy zbadano wodoprzepuszczalność i niektóre własności fizyczne płyty boiska piłkarskiego na stadionie WISŁY KRAKÓW S.A. po renowacji wykonanej w 2002 roku. Przesiąkliwość, uziarnienie, gęstość właściwą, gęstość objętościową i porowatość gruntu pobranego z płyty oznaczono metodami standardowymi. Wykazano, że na skutek użycia nieodpowiedniego materiału wystąpiły istotne różnice własności, zwłaszcza uziarnienia i wodoprzepuszczalności w stosunku wymagań normy DIN 18 035, powodujące stagnowanie wody na powierzchni boiska.
EN
The paper investigated the water permeability and some physical properties of the football field Wisła Kraków after the renovation done in 2002. Permeability, grain size, specific density, volume density and porosity of the soil taken from the plates was determined by standard methods. It was shown that as a result of improper use of the material were significant differences in properties, particularly grains size and water permeability compared with DIN 18 035, causing local puddles of water on the surface of the pitch.
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The paper presents the results of hydrochemical tests of water in two watercourses: one with a catchment situated wholly in the large city area and the other with the agricultural catchment situated in the source section but at the mouth of the urbanized one. In water samples collected from both watercourses at the measurement-control sections localized by the sources and in the lower course, the concentrations of the following ions were assessed: NH_4+, NO_2, N_3-, and PO_4^-3, SO_4^2', Cl, Na^+, K^+, Ca^2*, Mg^2*- Mn^2* and Fc^(2*'3*) also elcctroconductivity, dry residue and pH were evaluated. It was found that in the sections in the urbanized areas waters were characterized by considerably variable concentrations of most dissolved solids. In these sections waters of both watercourses revealed apparent signs of degradation in result of high concentrations of phosphates, ammonium and nitrite form of nitrogen and iron and manganese. In some sections these concentrations placed water in V water purity class, which confirmed strong effect of anthropogenic factors. At their present state the tested waters cannot be used for local needs and their storing would pose a hazard of the reservoir cutrophication.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki hydrochemicznych badań wody w dwu ciekach: o zlewni położonej w całości na terenie dużego miasta oraz o zlewni użytkowanej rolniczo w źródłowej części a przy ujściu zurbanizowanej. W próbkach wody pobranych z obu cieków w przekrojach kontrolnych zlokalizowanych u źródeł i w dolnym biegu oznaczono stężenia jonów NH_4+, NO_2, N_3-, and PO_4^-3, SO_4^2', Cl, Na^+, K^+, Ca^2*, Mg^2*- Mn^2* i Fc^(2*'3*)oraz przewodność elektrolityczną właściwą (konduktywność), suchą pozostałość i pH. Stwierdzono, że w przekrojach na terenach zurbanizowanych wody charakteryzowały się znaczną zmiennością stężeń większości rozpuszczonych składników. W przekrojach tych wody obu cieków wykazywały wyraźne cechy degradacji na skutek wysokich stężeń fosforanów, amonowej i azotynowej formy azotu oraz żelaza i manganu. W niektórych przekrojach stężenia te kwalifikowały wodę do klasy V, potwierdzając silne oddziaływanie czynników antropogenicznych. W obecnym stanic badane wody nic mogą być wykorzystywane do zaspokajania lokalnych potrzeb, a gromadzenie ich zagrażałoby eutrofizacją zbiorników.
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