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Methodology of historical underground objects inventory surveys – contribution

Ochałek A., Jabłoński M., Lipecki T., Jaśkowski W.

Geoinformatica Polonica

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2018

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T. 17

43--51

EN

Geodetic surveys are used in an inventory of a lot of industries, including documentary of historic objects. One of the hardest historic objects that need to be inventoried are underground ones. Observations of rock mass movements and their consequences are very crucial issues, especially in the aspect of protection of historical objects, therefore it is needed to implement special methods (especially non-invasive) and specialist protection. In Poland there are few underground UNESCO mines and a lot of other objects of historical importance, for example built by Nazi Germans. Authors describe the following measurement methods: tacheometric surveys, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), leveling and as supporting methods: Airplane Laser Scanning (and its product: LIDAR), Global Positioning System and satellite images or geophysics methods. There were inventory surveys conducted in Project Riese (German form – Giant) in Góry Sowie, Central Sudetes (Poland), is the biggest mining and building project of Second World War Germany. Until today, due to the lack of documentation, the purpose of these construction is uncertain. There are only hypothesis rather than facts. Currently, six underground complexes– Osówka, Włodarz, Soboń, Rzeczka, Jugowice, Gontowa, Książ Castle are discovered in the area of Góry Sowie. There are some speculations that all complexes were supposed to be combined. Some of the researchers of Góry Sowie secrets claim that kilometers of tunnels are still able to be discovered in the future. During the inventory the combination of classical measurements technologies and modern surveys methods were used – terrestrial laser scanner, tacheometry and GNSS measurements. Authors used collected data to analyze geometrical relations between objects Complex underground and ground of Osówka. This allowed to verify location of objects in relations to each other which was not previously presented in research. Many sections and profiles of excavations, sketches and maps were made.

PL

Procesy zachodzące w górotworze wymagają, aby każdy podziemny obiekt podlegał inwentaryzacji i kontroli. Na szczególną uwagę zasługują przede wszystkim historyczne i zabytkowe obiekty wydrążone pod ziemią, które powinny być objęte ochroną i działaniami umożliwiającymi ich rewitalizację, czy udostępnienie dla turystów. Ochrona tego typu abytków wymusza kompleksowe podejście do problemów ich zabezpieczania i stosowanie różnego rodzaju metod inwentaryzacji, przede wszystkim ze względu na ich zazwyczaj i niepowtarzalny charakter. W Polsce znajduje się kilka podziemnych kopalni wpisanych na listę Światowego Dziedzictwa UNESCO oraz obiektów ważnych pod względem historycznym, np. wybudowanych przez Niemców w czasie drugiej wojny światowej. Proces inwentaryzacyjny takich obiektów opiera się na kilku ważnych aspektach, m.in.: rozpoznaniu warunków geotechnicznych i hydrogeologicznych otaczającego obiekt górotworu, badaniu konwergencji i deformacji, przy dokładnej analizie zależności geometrycznych obiektu. Inwentaryzacja oraz badania deformacji górotworu i powierzchni terenu prowadzone są na podstawie obserwacji wykonanych metodami geodezyjnymi. Podstawowymi pomiarami stosowanymi pod ziemią są: precyzyjna niwelacja geometryczna oraz metody precyzyjnej poligonizacji, zazwyczaj wzmacniane pomiarem giroskopowym. Ważnym aspektem jest wykorzystanie technologii naziemnego skaningu laserowego w inwentaryzacji obiektów podziemnych oraz pomiary wspomagające tę technologie, takie jak: ALS, statyczne pomiary GNSS, klasyczna tachimetria czy badania geofizyczne. Dzięki pomiarom inwentaryzacyjnym wizualizacji podziemnych obiektów kompleksu „Riese” w Górach Sowich, opartych głównie na technologii skaningu laserowego, zebrano potężny materiał do analizy. Pomiary zostały wykonane zarówno w sztolniach ogólnodostępnych lub częściowo dostępnych dla ruchu turystycznego (Osówka, Rzeczka, podziemia Zamku Książ), jak i niedostępnych (Jugowice, Soboń). W ramach prac kameralnych dokonano przede wszystkim rewizji zależności geometrycznych wyrobisk w Podziemnym Mieście Osówka (największym z kompleksów Riese) oraz okolicznych obiektach naziemnych, stworzono liczne plany, rzuty i przekroje każdego z inwentaryzowanych obiektów, które porównano i zweryfikowano z materiałami archiwalnymi. Ponadto stworzono trójwymiarowe modele Kasyna oraz Siłowni (naziemne obiekty Osówki).

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Ekspedycja do antyku

Ochałek A., Ruchała J.

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

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2018

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nr 8

48--52

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Monitoring of historical land use changes caused by underground mining in Miedzianka town, based on a webgis tool and InSAR observations

Tama A., Adamek K., Pargieła K., Ochałek A., Krawczyk A., Lupa M.

Czasopismo Inżynierii Lądowej, Środowiska i Architektury / Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture

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2018

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z. 65, nr 1

127--140

EN

The article presents land surface changes caused by historical mining of metal ores on in the country town of Miedzianka in Lower Silesia, Poland. From the 19th until the middle of 20th century, mining in Miedzianka was in depression. Due to long-term and widespread mining activity, the town almost completely disappeared. The scale of the devastating effects of the mining appeared on the surface of the land, which led to the decision to abandon Miedzianka. Despite the damage the local authority made efforts to renew regional tourism. Unfortunately, it is impossible to carry out revitalization without recognizing the current threat of postmining excavations. Therefore, the authors focused on analyzing collected archival documentation to understand the mining processes that have occurred and may still be occurring under the surface. The archival maps presented in the article have been indicated land use changes from 1886 to 1951. The current situation display WMS layer from Geoportal website. The collected materials allowed the spatiotemporal changes that occurred in Miedzianka to be presented. Additionally, the information base has been enriched with InSAR results for monitoring terrain deformation. The observations demonstrate that the biggest changes have taken place before 1936. In addition, current urban development constitute less than 25% of historical buildings. Analysis of InSAR method indicate that the research area require more accurate technique, because of the occurrence of large number of agricultural and forest areas.

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Accuracy Evaluation of Real-Time GNSS Precision Positioning with RTX Trimble Technology

Ochałek A., Niewiem W., Puniach E., Ćwiąkała P.

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2018

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Vol. 28, no. 4

49--61

EN

In this paper, authors present results of accuracy verification of the Trimble RTX technology. The GNSS receiver Spectra Precision SP60 was used in Cyprus (Kato Paphos Archaeological Park). To evaluate the accuracy of the receiver, two measuring test networks (consisting of 30 and 55 control points) were established. All points were determined in four measuring cycles. Additionally, in order to make more advanced analysis of the data, the bases were also measured by using another GNSS receiver - Geomax-Zenith 25. The point positions, in this case, were conducted in the local coordinate system of Kato Paphos Archaeological Park by using RTK positioning technology. To make a comparison, it was necessary to transform the coordinates based on different groups of fitting points. Analysis allowed to conclude that the Spectra Precision SP60 receiver and the RTX Trimble technology guarantee repeatable results (on the level of 4 cm) of point positioning measurements.

PL

W artykule autorzy przedstawiają wyniki analizy dokładności technologii Trimble RTX. Odbiornik GNSS Spectra Precision SP60 wykorzystano podczas badań na Cyprze (Park Archeologiczny Kato Pafos). Aby ocenić dokładność odbiornika, ustalono dwie bazy testowe (składające się z 30 i 55 punktów kontrolnych). Wszystkie punkty zostały określone w czterech cyklach pomiarowych. Dodatkowo, w celu bardziej zaawansowanej analizy danych, pomiary zostały również wykonane przy użyciu innego odbiornika GNSS - Geomax-Zenith 25. Pozycjonowanie w tym przypadku, zostało przeprowadzone w lokalnym układzie współrzędnych parku archeologicznego Kato Pafos z wykorzystaniem technologii pozycjonowania RTK. W celu porównania wyników badań konieczne było przetransformowanie współrzędnych do jednego układu. Transformację wykonano na podstawie różnych grup punktów dostosowania. Analiza otrzymanych wyników pozwoliła stwierdzić, że odbiornik Spectra Precision SP60 i technologia RTX Trimble gwarantują porównywalne wyniki pozycjonowania (na poziomie 4 cm).

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Identyfikacja kierunków zmian profilu koła i zainteresowań studentów na przykładzie 10 lat istnienia KNGK Geoinformatyka

Jabłoński M., Krawczyk A., Ochałek A.

Roczniki Geomatyki

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2016

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T. 14, z. 4(74)

447--454

PL

Artykuł opisuje doświadczenia płynące z analizy zmian zainteresowań badawczych studentów Studenckiego Koła Naukowego KNGK Geoinformatyka na przestrzeni dziesięciu lat jego działalności. Początki działalności koła związane z grafiką komputerową spotkały się z niezrozumieniem potrzeb studentów wśród części kadry Wydziału Geodezji Górniczej i Inżynierii Środowiska AGH i traktowane były jako zajęcia pozageodezyjne. W ciągu dziesięciu lat działalności koła, rozwój technologii pomiarowych spowodował ograniczenie podstawowej działalności, jakim było modelowanie 3D na rzecz takich aktywności jak: nauka programowania, instalacja i konfiguracja geoportali, budowa projektów GIS, konstrukcja baz danych oraz pozyskanie danych przestrzennych. Dzisiejszy obraz koła zmienił się wraz z dostępem do nowoczesnych narzędzi pomiarowych oraz wydajniejszych komputerów dostępnych na wydziale. Koło jest coraz bardziej rozpoznawalne, choć ma problem z pozyskaniem młodych i zaangażowanych członków. Autorzy na podstawie ankietyzacji członków i absolwentów oraz studium działalności ostatnich lat przedstawiają analizę kierunków zainteresowania studentów oraz potencjalnych sposobów promocji koła.

EN

The paper describes experiences gained during 10 years of activity of the Student Research Society KNGK Geoinformatics, the Society’s educational role and changes within its structure. Due to lacks in equipment and lack of understanding of students’ needs among some Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering staff, the beginnings of the KNGK were not easy. Within 10 years of its existence, the KNGK range of activities was widened. At first it was all about 3D modelling; today it deals with topics like programming, geoportals creation, GIS, database and acquisition of spatial data. The KNGK has also changed due to the easy access to newest technology, available for students at the department. The Society becomes more and more recognizable, though it still faces the difficulties with attracting new members who are young and involved. The authors, by conducting surveys among students and graduates, together with analyzing the KNGK’s activities during last years, are trying to answer the questions: from where the student’s interests come and how to promote the society.

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Virtual Underground City Osówka

Jabłoński M., Lipecki T., Jaśkowski W., Ochałek A.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2016

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Vol. 42, no. 1

77--78

EN

Project Riese (German for giant) in the Owl Mountains (Góry Sowie), located in Lower Silesia, was the largest mining and building project of Nazi Germany. The construction work was done by forced laborers, POWs, and prisoners of concentration camp Gross-Rosen. Many of them lost their lives. The whole project was kept in secret, even the beginning of the construction work is unclear. The purpose of Riese remains uncertain because of lack of documentation, it is still rather a hypothesis than a fact. The only verified information is that the project was abandoned at the initial stage due to the approach of the Red Army. Before that, Nazis put a lot of effort to hide all information about Riese. Today, we can see how successful these efforts were. Nowadays, six underground structures were discovered in Walim and Głuszyca area: Włodarz (3000 m of tunnels), Osówka (1700 m of tunnels), Sokolec (or Gontów – 800 m of tunnels), Soboń (740 m of tunnels), Rzeczka (560 m of tunnels), Jugowice (500 m of tunnels) and about 600 m of tunnels under Książ Castle in Wałbrzych (Aniszewski 2002, Graba 2012). It has been found that many of the tunnels in some structures have a dead end, and there is a theory this might prove that all complexes were supposed to be combined. It is believed that many kilometers of the underground tunnels are still to be discovered (Cera 1998). The whole area is one of the most popular destinations for treasure hunters and scientists. Nowadays treasure hunters are using not only maps and metal detectors, but also GPRs. Scientists are interested in Riese because of many underground tunnels in various sizes and depth, as well as huge amount of steel which was used to reinforce adits. All these details allow scientists to perform many different types of research. Geophysicists are testing the equipment and methodology in the area of gravimetric, magnetic and GPR measurements. All geophysical measurements need to be put into the coordinate system, local or global. Moreover, to eliminate gravity or magnetic effect of the excavations and steel reinforcements their shape must be known (Porzucek 2013). To meet the needs of scientists, researchers, tourists and museum authorities, authors of this report, with the help of students, performed a full inventory of Osówka complex. It was performed in 2015 and covered all underground and ground objects. 1700 m of underground tunnels in the main part of the complex (Museum of Underground City Osówka) were scanned, together with 130 m of Sztolnia Wodna (from Polish water adit) and two ground objects: Siłownia and Kasyno. These two objects are supposed to be nuclear energy plants and Hitler’s headquarters or command headquarters (Cera 1998). During measurements, laser scanner (Faro, Focus 3D), tachymeter (Topcon, OS103) and GPS receivers (Topcon, HiperPro) for georeferencing were used. The main scientific importance of the study is a unique data set that was collected during this research. Afterwords, geometrical relations between objects of Osówka complex were analyzed. The previously supposed course of the Sztolnia Wodna and its destination was revised. Moreover, the possible lift shaft connecting Siłownia and underground part of Osówka was confirmed. The report presents location of objects in relations to each other which was not previously verified in research or verified in the other ways. Although, it is possible to do geophysics measurement on unexplored field, data from researches provides possibility of introducing excavations height and size amendments. Another inventory result is a virtual museum, available from 1st April for everybody on Museum of Underground City Osówka website (www. osowka.pl). The user can virtually explore the whole complex, including places where visitors are not allowed. During measurements, flooded adits have also been inventoried: the ones in the museum and in Sztolnia Wodna (entrance collapsed in November 2015 and the whole adit is in danger of collapsing). Inventory also included Siłownia (firstly, water has been pumped out to allow measurements in the staircase and alleged lift shaft). Another inaccessible place available during the virtual tour is shaft connecting the forest near Kasyno to the undergrounds. The virtual tour allows also measuring selected surface or distance between chosen points and checking coordinates or height in a particular spot. The user can generate a link to a screen which interests him and upload it to any website. It must be said that even sharing this amount of data doesn’t equate to possibility of conducting research and measurements in appointed spots. Project Riese is located on the land belonging to the local government, individuals and National Forests (the majority of it). Before taking any actions, area manager must give his permission. It is strictly enforced since the whole “golden train” story in July 2015.

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Geoportal of mining objects in Lesser Poland

Jabłoński M, Ochałek A.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2015

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Vol. 41, no. 1

89

EN

Southern Poland is a well developed mining area. There are copper and coal mines in Lower Silesia, huge coal deposits in Silesia and even oil in Subcarpathia. It is not well known that in Lesser Poland you can find almost all these deposits. Coal mines on west, one of the biggest in Europe zinc deposits, lots of working and closed limestone quarries in central part, oil wells on south and also old salt underground mines (Jureczka et al. 2011). Geoportal MIIP is Lesser Poland Spatial Information System published in June 2011. It presents official spatial data among others from city and voivodeship, touristic and water structure. Moreover, anyone can add there another data. MIIP provides availability of WFS (Web Feature Service) and WMS (Web Map Service), both compatible with OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) standards. One of the most interesting function is creating and editing users’ own map and publishing it as interactive map on website (iMap). User can create his own composition and use any of published data, adding his own. Polish mining industry is in crisis now. Media and environmental lobby constantly present it as a main reason of pollution problems. Additionally problems with taxes and low prices of coal deepen the collapse (Karnkowski 1993). Our responsibility is to show other citizens how mining is valuable for local community and for its landscape. To create geoportal of mining objects – closed and still operating ones – we used data from Central Base of Geological Data, Polish Geological Institute. On our portal you can find underground coal and salt mines, pit mines of zinc and limestone and oil wells. The Geoportal of Mining in Lesser Poland is powered by mining section of Scientific Society KNGK Geoinformatyka.